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WWII Most costly ever in terms of lives lost and material destruction WWII Began as a European conflict pitting Germany vs. Anglo-French coalition Eventually involving nearly every nation in the world Resulted in a New World Order— Dominated by US and USSR—Table set for the “Cold War” Why do wars occur? Nations compete over natural resources. Individuals demand greater political and economic freedom. We will study 3 aspects of WWII The war in Europe against Germany and Italy The war in Asia with Japan The home front What caused WWII in Europe? Germany wanted back what she lost from WWI, and revenge Appeasement – Great Britain and France gave Hitler land w/o fighting for it. Hitler was racist; he invaded countries simply to kill the Jews living there. The Central issue leading to WWII is the fallout from the TREATY OF VERSAILLES Treaty of Versailles While the US, France, Great Britain emerged satisfied, Germany, Italy, Japan were not Japan wanted control of China US developed isolationist policy in response to Allied (European) failure to make good on War debts Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI The main points of the Treaty [BRAT] 1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war 2. Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war. Versailles cont. . 3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men. Versailles 4. Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France. Review Questions How did WWI help cause WWII? Changes realized in the Nature of Warfare 1)Commitment of entire human and economic resources to the cause 2)Battlefield came to include all of a Nation’s territory 3)New weapons-long range rocket, atomic bomb 4)Tremendous advances in aircraft and tanks Failure of Peace Efforts 1920-League of Nations formed-Hope for negotiated settlements Would prove ineffective in many regions time and again 1923-Paris Peace Pact-63 nations including all of the world’s greatest powers renounce war as a policy Only USSR does not commit The peace process will be tested by expansionist efforts by ambitious nations like Japan, Italy, and Germany Japan 1st to Cause Trouble Limited land mass creates a need to expand in order to accrue natural resources and raw materials Makes use of a minor clash with Chinese troops to take over Manchuria China appeals to the League of Nations Japan is ordered to return Manchuria Japan withdraws from the League of Nations Revelation that the league is powerless encourages Italy and Germany in their expansionist ambitions Italy’s goal was to secure control of Ethiopia (East Africa) Italy in Africa Ethiopian Emperor appeals to the League of Nations—sanctions issued were ineffective Did not include resources vital to Italian War effort Both Germany & Italy make use of participation in the Spanish Civil War to test their military machines Spanish Civil War 1931 Spain becomes a Republic Republican government pursues reform Redistribution of land/reduce role of the Catholic Church Right-wing (conservative) Nationalists under General Francisco Franco oppose the Republican loyalists Gen. Francisco Franco Soviets, British, France, and US support loyalists Germany and Italy support Nationalists Brings Hitler and Mussolini together Hitler was interested in Spanish resources (Iron ore, magnesium) Herman Goering-Head of German Air force (Luftwaffe) and tested it in Spain The alliance between Hitler and Mussolini came to include Japan in the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Becomes known as the Axis Powers (1936-1937) Review Rise of the Nazis Depression in 1920s Europe Economy was bad in Europe WWI killed a lot of workers and customers After years of humiliation and starvation, Germans looked for a strong leader. NAZIs elected to power! Nazis promised to build up their army and get revenge for the WWI This is Adolf Hitler 1933. Totalitarianism Mussolini (Italy) Hitler (Germany) Germany late 1930s Germany escaped the Depression by militarizing. This is Berlin 1936 Lebensraum (Living Space) Hitler’s expansion 1936 –The Rhineland is taken without response March 1938-Annexed Austria France and Britain –awed by German armament-considered it an internal German affair Czechoslovakia Next was Czechoslovakia-had been only been a democratic state in central Europe by the late 1930’s Strong military, high standard of living, alliances with France and the Soviet Union Hitler coveted the western border of Czechoslovakia Sudetenland The Sudetenland home to 3.5 million ethnic Germans British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain initiated peace talks (Sept 1938) Resulted in the Munich Pact Peace in our Time He returned home to the cheers and adulation of his people In reality the proposal was futile “Appeasement” Appeasement Giving in to someone’s demands in order to prevent war Appeasement – Hitler wanted land, Britain and France let him have it without war Less than 6 months later, Hitler invaded and seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia Hitler then threatens Poland, the British government pledged to defend the Poles France already had a mutual defense treaty with Poland Hitler and the Soviets Attention was turned to the USSRJoseph Stalin, Soviet dictator was courted by both sides. Hitler offer was more attractive—in exchange for Soviet neutrality Stalin was secretly promised claims in Finland, Estonia, Latvia eastern Poland, & eastern Romania(Nazi-Soviet Pact1939) WWII started when Hitler invaded Poland 1939. Invasion of Poland Sept. 1 1939 in the early morning hours, the German invasion of Poland began Sept. 3, Hitler was surprised by the French and British declaration of war on Germany Hitler commits 1.5 million troops The Poles mustered 1.8 million Blitzkrieg “Lightening War” This paralyzed Poland German had more firepower 6 panzer divisions to 1 tank or armored Polish division 1600 modern aircraft to 900 obsolete Polish planes Lightning warfare German strategy 1st bomb by air, then send in panzer divisions (tanks) Bombers destroyed railroads, preventing mobilization then used armored divisions followed by mobile infantry encircled the Poles On the 17th, as Germans closed in on Warsaw The Soviet Red Army lunged across the border Final surrender was complete by Oct. 6 The British were too late to prevent the occupation of Poland, but they may have delayed its surrender and the French were more concerned with selfdefense Holding the Maginot Line “Phony War” in the months following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 and preceding the Battle of France in May 1940 – that was marked by a lack of major military operations in Continental Europe. Also known as Sitzkrieg Invasion of France Maginot Line Maginot Line Heavily fortified French line of defense fortifications on border with Germany There was a serious flaw-a 50 mile gap in the Ardennes Was built in response to WWI Because the Ardennes was forested & swampy they believed an invasion there would be difficult Hitler focused German attention upon the low countries Luxembourg The Netherlands Belgium Low countries because of elevation Charles de Gaulle French Commander Called for more planes & tanks But the French command said the Maginot Line was sufficient Finland falls to the Soviets May 10, 1940 a massive German airlift caught the Dutch off guard They surrendered within 5 days of the invasion At the same time the French & British moved to defend Belgium German Planes swept into the Ardennes Other panzers broke through Luxembourg towards France Hitler demands Norway and Denmark to accept Nazi protection from Britain Danes accept but Norway resists April 9th, 1940 Germans land unopposed in Norway Occupied Oslo by noon The remainder of the country held out For about a month This proved costly to the Germans who lost several ships Replaces Chamberlain as Prime Minister After the fall of Denmark and Norway Winston Churchill Germany Defeats France Rather than send its main force through Belgium as it had done in WWI Gen. Eric Von Manstein advised an unexpected attack through the Ardennes Forest Attacking from the Northwest and then moving southeast behind the Maginot Line Forces were equal in strength in areas of troops and tanks Germans maintained a superiority in aircraft The same day The Netherlands surrendered, the German panzers emerged from the Ardennes and made their push behind French and British forces that were supporting the Belgians Dunkirk Moving toward the Channel, Allied forces were trapped in the N.W. corner of France Evacuation by sea was the only hope for the allies. May 27 Belgium’s King Leopold III surrendered Germany paused and 328,000 men were rescued from Dunkirk The Drive to France Begins June 10, Italy declares war on the Allies Though the Maginot line was in tact, no way to protect Paris June 17, Marshal Henri Petain (WWI hero) asked for an armistice Signed June 25, 1940 Terms gave control of Northern France and the Atlantic coast to Germany Vichy Government Petain sets up a capital at Vichy in the unoccupied Southeast—was a puppet government of Germany In Britain, de Gaulle organized a free French government and the French resistance operated underground in France Hitler in Paris Fortress Europa In no time, Germany conquered most of Europe with tanks, planes, railroads. Battle of Britain Battle of Britain One significant foe remained for Hitler n the west—Britain Churchill vowed to fight to the bitter end Hitler misjudged the resolve of Churchill and the British Expecting Britain to seek peace when the situation facing them looked so bleak The British had left many of their weapons on the beaches at Dunkirk Stalin did not seem eager to challenge Hitler Though the US, alarmed by the fall of France began peacetime conscription 1st time ever—public opinion opposed the war Battle of the Atlantic Germany hope to starve Great Britain out Using submarines warfare to cut British overseas lifelines Subs were based in both France and Norway The best way to force Britain’s surrender would be an invasion across The English Channel Hitler would not risk this however unless the British Air Force could be neutralized Thus the Battle of Britain was fought in the air not on the beaches August 1940, the Germans launched daylight raids against airfields and inland cities in Southern Britain The objective was to draw out British fighters and destroy them Royal Air Force (RAF) were superior “So much owed by so many to so few” Speech by Churchill German casualties were too high, by September they were forced to resort to night bombings raids—57 nights Goering sent more that 1,000 planes at a time Between this time and May 1941, the Germans conducted 71 major raids against London and 56 other cities In 1 night the Luftwaffe dropped 70,000 fire bombs The damage inflicted, though severe, was not militarily decisive Children in East End of London Newbury, England On September 17, 1940 Hitler postponed the invasion of Britain indefinitely, thereby conceding defeat in The Battle of Britain 1,700 German aircraft lost Hitler shifts his focus to the Soviet Union—July 1940—still looking for living space Russia’s Next Hitler believed Britain was holding out for a falling-out between Germany and Russia Once the Soviets were defeated, he expected Britain would make peace Hitler wanted to begin the invasion in the fall of 1940 His advisers warned against a winter campaign in Russia—(Napoleon) He waited for spring Meanwhile Germany’s ally Mussolini staged an unsuccessful attack on British occupied Egypt and Greece Britain responded by occupying airfields on Crete and in Greece Hitler feared British planes within striking distance of his one major oil source, Ploiesti (Ployisht) fields of Romania He dispatched Erwin Rommel (the Desert Fox) and his tanks to support his allies—He would all but push the British out of Africa Because he would need to cross their territory to get to Greece and the Soviet Union, Hitler brought Romania and Hungary into the Axis in November 1940, Bulgaria joined in March 1941 When Yugoslavia refused to follow suit, Hitler ordered the invasion of that country Events which caused the U.S. to become involved… Meanwhile, in the USA. . . Wanted to stay neutral Cash & carry Lend-Lease– U.S. “lent” $, materials to the Allies for “leases” to military bases Lend-Lease Act cont’ $7 billion to lend or lease weapons and other aid to countries the president may designate Could assist in defeating the Axis w/o using US Troops By late summer 1941 we were in an undeclared war with Germany US Marines occupied Iceland, replacing the British Atlantic Charter August 9, 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt meet They issue the Atlantic Charter Freedom of trade The right of people to choose their own government Called for the final destruction of Nazi Tyranny Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. America enters WWII. December 7, 1941 Axis Powers Germany and Italy declared war immediately after Pearl Harbor. Germany, Italy and Japan made a deal to help each other in case on was attacked. Allied Powers The Allies were the USA, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (USSR). These are called the “big three.” In addition were the colonies and territories of these countries. These include China, Canada, Australia, France, Poland and others. USA’s contribution was production, not blood. Women in workforce Rosie the Riveter People rationed goods for war use. The Army was segregated, but African Americans served. Tuskegee Airmen Women in the Forces Women in Forces How did USA pay for this war? Internment of Japanese Americans USA was afraid if Japan were to attack the Pacific coast, Japanese Americans would help them. The Government ordered them to move to camps. Internment camp Strangely, Japanese Americans served in the Army Any questions before the quiz? Home Front Quiz 1. How did USA pay for WW2? 2. Who were the Allied powers besides the USA? 3. Why did the USA intern the Japanese Americans? 4. What was the Lend Lease Act? 5. When was the Pearl Harbor attack? Meanwhile, in Asia. . . Japan wanted China and the USSR. Japan is an island, and not a big one. They wanted more living space and resources for their “superior” people. Japan wanted oil reserves Japan wanted more oil to invade China. America embargoed their oil in Indonesia Japan considered this an act of war. Japan joins Axis Powers Germany was sick of the U.S. helping Britain with its lend lease program. Japan agreed to attack Pearl Harbor and distract the U.S. from Europe war. Battle for Midway Island If won, Japanese could have bombed Hawaii more from here. Major turning point Island Hopping – US fought to gradually reach Japan Battle for Iwo Jima Island hopping became fact of the war with Japan. Died: 6800 US 20000 Japanese. This flag raising was a serious morale boost to soldiers on the island. Kamikaze attacks This plane dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima Atomic bomb Hiroshima-”Little Boy” Nagasaki- “Fat Man” Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945 Victims in Hiroshima Why drop the Atomic Bomb? The Japanese had shown they would fight to the last man, woman and child. The atomic bomb saved as many as 1 million U.S. lives, and possibly many Japanese. Harry Truman said he dropped the bomb to end the war. Japan surrenders 1945 World War II deaths USSR China Germany Poland U.S. Great Britain Japan 22 million 11 million 7 million 7 million 0.5 million 0.3 million 1.5 million Asia WW2 Quiz 1. What cities were nuclear bombed? 2. Define island hopping? 3. What was the importance of Midway Island battle? 4. Why did Japan want war with the USA? 5. What ocean protected USA from Japan? Operation Barbarossa Invasion of USSR Begins June 22, 1941 More than 3 million German soldiers move into The USSR German preparation for this had been obvious for months, but Stalin, concerned about his military’s performance in the Finnish War had refused counteractively that might provoke Hitler The Soviets are Unprepared The Soviet military leadership concluded that blitzkrieg would not be possible on the scale of a German-Soviet War Soviets had 2.9 million soldiers on the border Outnumbered German tanks by 2 to 1 and 3 to 1 in aircraft Large numbers of soviet aircraft destroyed on the ground the first day of fighting Soviet tanks are scattered among the infantry (like the French) proved ineffective against German Panzer groups Soviet infantry had been ordered to counter-attack which was impossible, and then forbidden o retreat which insured their wholesale destruction or capture Germany three-pronged attack Designating army groups in the North, Center, and South to drive towards Leningrad Moscow Kiev The objective was to lock the Soviet Army in battle and defeat it before it could disappear into the interior War games had predicted a victory in about 10 weeks Essential because the Russian summer is short By the end of the first week (July)army group center had taken 290,000 prisoners-another 300,000 by Aug.5th Was 2/3 of the way to Moscow Winter comes to Russia The wet fall and cold of winter slowed and then stopped German progress 50km. From Moscow in December Soviets counter-attack with reserves led by Gen. Zhukov and began rolling back the German Army which abandoned vehicles and weapons Tough cold winters killed many NAZI troops in USSR. Russian people are tough! 21 million dead, yet no surrender! German Low Point Hitler consolidate to two armies pushing toward Stalingrad A mistake separating armies and making resupply for both over damaged RR impossible—Stalin ordered his retreating army “not another step back” Battle of Stalingrad Turning Pt. in the War Bloodiest in Modern History The battle took place between 17 July, 1942 and 2 February, 1943. Russian Victory Hitler needed to redeploy troops in Italy—The Americans had landed on Sicily in July Hitler anticipated an European invasion—feeling he could repel it The allies would abandon the effort—He could then concentrate on the USSR Operation Overlord Normandy Invasion June 6, 1944—D-Day at Normandy under Omar Bradley Eisenhower was the ETO Commander An unsuccessful attempt on Hitler’s life to save Germany (Valkyrie) Invasion of Normandy, France Tank! Anti-tank weaponry English Channel protected England Britain resisted German air force Hitler thought the invasion of Normandy was a feint—no counteroffensive—he expected an assault North of the Seine River August 3, Americans w/de Gaulle and the Free French Resistance forces liberate Paris Race to Berlin US and allied forces crossed the German border on September 11— difficulty in maintaining the supply line slowed progress Needed the port of Antwerp to be made operational again In a race with Russia (Stalin underestimates speed of US Troops) Beginnings of Communism German allies surrendering in the east and communist regimes installed by the Soviets (Cold War) The fall of 1944 saw air offensive against Germany until Battle of the Bulge German counter offensive in the Ardennes in December Yalta Conference Feb. 1945—Stalin agrees to fight Japan after Germany surrenders Dates to Remember Roosevelt dies April 12 Hitler commits suicide April 30 in his bunker German surrender May 7 May 8 – V/E Day Japan surrenders Aug 15, 1945 Germany’s end Germany invaded the Soviet Union and lost a million troops due to the cold and Russian bravery. Germany spent too many resources trying to kill Jews and not supporting his troops Germans fought Russians in the east and Americans and Brits in the West. Germany surrenders April ‘45 Mussolini killed while trying to escape Italy dressed as Nazi officer Hitler committed suicide in late April 1945 Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) – 5/8/45; Germany surrendered V-J Day 9/2/45 – representatives of Hirohito signed surrender terms aboard USS Missouri Japan lost all land taken after 1875 Hirohito became a constitutional July of 1945 – Potsdam Conference Big Three met USSR would declare war on Japan & invade Manchuria a.s.a.p. Japan – US occupied Potsdam Cont’ Korea would be occupied by Soviets N. of 38th parallel, by US S. of 38th parallel Japan – US occupied The Settlement of WWII will lead to the Cold War