Download America and World War II

America and World
War II
APUSH
Mr. McElhaney
AP Outline
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21. The Second World War
The rise of fascism and militarism
in Japan, Italy, and Germany
Prelude to war: policy of neutrality
The attack on Pearl Harbor and
United States declaration of war
Fighting a multi-front war
Diplomacy, war aims, and wartime
conferences
The United States as a global
power in the Atomic Age
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22. The Home Front During the
War
Wartime mobilization of the
economy
Urban migration and demographic
changes
Women, work, and family during
the war
Civil liberties and civil rights during
wartime
War and regional development
Expansion of government power
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Treaty of Versailles
Good Neighbor Policy
Buenos Aires Conference, 1936
Washington Naval Conference, 1922
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
Stimson Doctrine
Trade Agreements Act
Election of 1940
Axis Alliance, Mussolini, Hitler
Appeasement/Munich Agreement
Lend-Lease Act, 1941
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Selective Training and Service Act
Tripartite Pact
Maginot Line
Battle of Britain/ Operation Sea Lion
Atlantic Charter, 1941
Hideki Tojo/Japan, China, Embargo
War Powers Act
Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s)
America First Committee
Reciprocal Trade Agreements, 1934-1940
Europe then Japan
Mobilization, National War Labor Board
Japanese-American Internment, Korematsu v.
US
Terms to Know
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War in the Pacific
War in Africa, Europe
Eisenhower, Second Front, D-Day, Battle of
the Bulge
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)
Neutrality Acts, 1935-1940
Four Freedoms Speech
Rosie the Riveter, War Production Board
African Americans in War
Tuskegee Airmen, Phillip Randolph
Holocaust and Jewish
Wartime Conferences
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Casablanca
Cairo
Teheran
Quebec
Yalta
Potsdam
Manhattan Project
Robert Oppenheimer
Los Alamos, Alamogordo
Harry S. Truman
Decision to drop bomb, Nagasaki
Marshall Plan
Iron Curtain
Questions- Pre-World War II
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Basic questions you should be able to answer:
How does the US public respond to Japanese, Italian,
and German militarism and aggression in the 1930’s?
Was it inevitable that the United States was going to
join the War?
How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay out
of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia and what
finally pushes the US into the conflict?
How was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy a departure
for American politicians since the 1890’s?
Quiz 3-13
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Respond to two of the following:
How did FDR reinforce the policy toward
Latin America begun by the Hoover
administration?
Explain how the Stimson Doctrine is applied
in relation to China.
What action does Congress take in an effort to
support American neutrality?
United States Status After
WWI
 After WWI US is considered Isolationist by many,
because of the desire to stay out of international
politics (not a member of League of
Nations…Wilson and Republicans)
 Few international treaties:
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Washington Naval Conference- limits naval armaments
Kellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws war
Dawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt payments
Trade drives American motives
Reduction of interference in Latin America (Good
Neighbor)
 Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out of
foreign wars!
FDR and Foreign Affairs
 Similar to Wilson, FDR wanted to use power to
maintain order
 Moral and just principles
 However, must abide by public opinion which is
Isolationist
 Interventionist
 Appoints Cordell Hull as Secretary of State
 Basic views:
 Isolation is not a lasting policy
 Technology impacts distance of oceans
 Important to maintain American interests
 Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the
economy= countries that reduce tariffs, US will
also reduce tariffs= more trade for both partners
“Good Neighbor” Policy
 FDR wanted to continue the cordial relations
with the world and Latin America in particular
 Continued attempt begun with Hoover
 Cooperation and non-interventionist
 Example: 1933 Montevideo International
Conference- Uruguay
 Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine
 Withdrew troops from Haiti
 Did not send troops to Cuba
 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged
meeting of LA nations supporting peace
movement
Mussolini-Italian Right Wing
Dictator
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Came to power in 1922
Fascisti De Combatamento. (Fascist)
Right Wing, anti-Socialist and Communist
Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire for Italy
Repressive but not too extreme- (no concentration
camps)
Nationalist
Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in 1936
Haile Selassie
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Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the
invasion of his country in the League of
Nations
This was a perfect example of the failure
of the League- no way to enforce peacebeyond economic sanctions
Haile Selassie is regarded as the Messiah
of the African race by followers of the
Rastafarian movement. The word
''Rastafarian'' comes from Selassie's precoronation name, Ras Tafari.
Hitler Rises to Power
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Germany has problems
Economic Depression
Conflict with Socialist/Communists against
Right Wing Groups- Nazis are one group
Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag
(German legislature) 1933 and Hitler ascends to
Chancellor (similar to Prime Minister-executive
branch)
Factors that Contributed to Hitler’s
Rise
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Economic depression
Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty Germany and Allies
World War I)
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Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig and empire)
Striped Germany of military, navy, air force
Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin Rhineland, many
resources)
German had to take explicit blame for the war
Pay War Repartitions
Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing groups were
fighting for control
Created conditions for popularity of Nazis for some
German voters
Hitler and Hindenburg
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New Chancellor and Old President of Weimar
Republic
Hitler-Once in Power
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Hitler vows to make Germany great again
To “Claim its rightful place in the Sun.”
Reichstag fire = Hitler has emergency powers
Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in his book
Mein Kampf)
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Rearm Germany
Unite the German people in one country (all German speaking
people; 1938 Anschluss- political unity between Austria and
Germany, later (Sudetenland) Czechoslovakia and East Prussia
(part of Poland)
Ethnically Cleanse German Territory (all non-Aryan…Jews,
Gypsies)
Expand East “Lebensraub”- into Russian lands, Destroy
communists
European Appeasement
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One of the huge lessons of World War II that is brought up
again and again is the idea of Appeasement (giving in to
demands as an expedient to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)
The powers of France, Great Britain and others in Europe have
been accused of appeasing Hitler when they should have stopped
his early demands.
The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been stopped. Before
he was too powerful.
By giving in to Hitler’s demands, it encouraged him to push
further and brought another Global War
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain will always be
remembered for his appeasement of Hitler. (“Peace in Our
Time”) Munich Agreement
Why did the Allies appease Hitler?
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Treaty of Versailles- Peace was too harsh
All consuming desire for peace
Rearmament
Nationalism- create one nation, racial, ethnic
homogeneity, with strength and a traditional spiritual
location
AnschlussChamberlain and Munich= Sudetenland,
1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-DanzigNazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact
1941 Lebensraum and Operation Barbarossa-
Failure of the League of Nations
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Recall the League of Nations was designed to prevent
war
Problems: US is not part of
It did not have an enforcement capability- especially
could not use force
Only weapon was economic embargo and public
pressure
When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany pursue
aggression invading other countries (Manchuria,
Somalia, Ethiopia, Spanish Civil War, and
Czchoslovakia)
The international body will have little or no effect
China Still Weak
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After WWI China remains weak
“Open Door” Reinforced
Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat Sen and
Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly to United States
Fighting over control with Communist forces of
Mao Tse Tung
Japan
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Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to France,
Britain, and the US.
Want to control China’s abundant natural resources
Japan was angry regarding the Washington Naval
Conference (1921- Harding Admin, set limit for
Japanese Navy, subordinate position to US and Britain,
reinforced the “Open Door” policy, all nations can
trade with China.
Japanese nationalists rise in power and asserted that
power in Manchuria
Japan invades Manchuria 1931
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Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese interest in
Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, and economic
interests, raw materials)
Japanese military asserted rights to Manchuria
Military- incident with Chinese forces is an
excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new
name is Manchukuo.
Later to further weaken China, Japan will bomb
Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese goods
Results of Japanese invasion of
Manchuria
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US President was Hoover (1932)
Hoover responds with the Stimson Doctrine- (Secretary of
State under Hoover) refusing to acknowledge results of gains
made by aggressionUS will not recognize territorial changesLeague of Nations condemns the attack on China
Japan subsequently withdraws from League of Nations (League
is essentially ignored)
No country wants war and China will suffer greatly when Japan
attacks full scale invasion 1936(caution very graphic see Rape of
Nanjing)
300,000 civilians killed
Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and essentially closes the
“Open Door”
Chinese Fight
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Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese and moves
capital to Chunking and even unites with the the
Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the duration of
the war.
American Neutrality
 The Neutrality Act of 1935- members of congress,
wanted to keep America out of war
 Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers and
industrialists
 Imposed an embargo on warring nations
 Forbade American sale of war goods and ships from
transporting munitions to belligerent countries
 Gave president power to prohibit Americans traveling on
belligerent ships
 Neutrality Act 1936- forbade loans to belligerent
countries
 Neutrality Act 1937- response to the Spanish Civil War
 Goods from the US to warring nations had to be paid
for in cash (2 years only)
More Neutrality
 Many groups in America wanted Isolation
 Irish, German- Americans
 Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, AntiSemites, liberals who wanted continue reform,
and pacifists
 Ludlow Amendment- Isolationist support was
so great that- an amendment to Constitution
was proposed, that only in case of attack or
invasion could US declare war. (not approved)
Quarantine Speech
 1937 FDR
 The Quarantine Speech FDR on 1937 calling for an
international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as
an alternative to the political climate of American
neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the
time.
 The speech intensified America's isolationist mood,
causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention.
 The speech was a response to aggressive actions by
Italy and Japan, and suggested the use of economic
pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than
outright aggression.
FDR Tries to Aide Chinese
 Flying Tigers
 American
“Volunteers”
 Fighting for
Chinese
 Read More on
the Web
Spanish Civil War
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Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are attacked
by Francisco Franco-
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Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco- Nazis and Italian
Fascists support with 50,000 troops, planes, and tanks.
Loyalists are supported by Soviet Union and International
Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For Whom the Bell Tolls)
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American Neutrality Acts – hurt the loyalist
cause- Americans will not help the Spanish Gov.
FDR wanted to help but was hampered by
isolationist law makers
Picasso’s painting of German bombing of
ancient city of Gurenica, during Span Civ War-
German-Soviet Non Aggression Pact
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August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a secret
agreement to partition PolandGermans invade Poland in the West
Russians invade Poland in the East
World War II in Europe begins- France and
Britain had guaranteed Polish sovereignty
US responds with a renewed Neutrality act
1939- “cash and carry”
Non-Aggression Pact
Non Aggression Pact
Germans and Soviets share
Poland-1939
The “Phony War”
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Refers to the period between Poland’s Surrender and
the attack on France and Britain.
September 1939-April 1940
Germany rapidly beat Poland “Blitzkrieg”
France and Britain mobilized and waited for attack
April 1940 Denmark, Norway,
May 1940 Belgium and France
Dunkirk- 300,000 British troops escape the continentChurchill now in charge
Paris Falls June 1940
England stands alone “Battle of Britain”
Battle of Britain
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Brits were alone as of June 1940
Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed up the
British attitude:
“We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall
fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we
shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the
air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We
shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on
the landing grounds, we shall fight in the
fields and in the streets, we shall fight in
the hills; we shall never surrender.”
What will
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“…in God's good time, the New World, with all
its power and might, steps forth to the rescue
and the liberation of the old."
United States Reacts to War
Debate 1940:
Isolationist or Internationalist
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Isolationists
America First Committee
Charles A Lindberg
“Intervention is
detrimental to American
interests”
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Internationalists
Committee to Defend
America
Best way to keep US out
of war is to Help allies
fight the Germans
Roosevelt is sympathetic
“Defend America by
Aiding the Allies”
FDR Calls for Preparedness
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May 1940 FDR calls Congress to create an air
force of 50,000 planes
And capacity to produce 50,000 planes per year
By June 1940 $3 Billion was appropriated for
defense
By October 1940, $17 Billion was appropriated
for defense including Navy
FDR Aids the Allies
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Summer 1940 FDR asks congress to allow trade
of 50 destroyers in exchange for 99 year leases
for bases in the Atlantic
Although population does not want to enter the
war, 73% support aid to Britain.
1941 Lend Lease
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1941 Lend Lease:
Program to offer aid to Brits
FDR in a “Fireside Chat” “If a neighbor’s home were
on fire…”
“lease, lend or otherwise dispose of” any items not vital
to the nation’s defense.
US is closer to the War- (US Ships secretly were
supporting the British Navy by searching and reporting
on U-boat locations)
Hitler afraid to attack American Ships
Atlantic Charter AUGUST 14, 1941
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The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill,
representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right
to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on
which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed
wishes of the peoples concerned;
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they
will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have
been forcibly deprived of them;
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the
enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the
trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity;
Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field
with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social
security;
Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which
will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which
will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and
want;
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;
Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of
the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which
threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent
system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other
practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
Meeting Before the War
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Before US enters War: August, 1941 Newfoundland
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Secret, FDR and Churchill meet to coordinate
Create the Atlantic Charter (a statement of principles agreed
upon)
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Condemned Aggression
Endorsed National Self Determination
Self Government as a universal right
Collective Security
Opposed forced, undemocratic territorial changes
Significance: Became a great statement of AngloAmerican Ideals and a precursor to the Post War ideals
of the United Nations
Selective Service Act Sept. 1940
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TIME
(September 23, 1940)
Last week Congress passed the conscription bill. This week the President
signed it. A new thing had entered U.S. life: although the U.S. had conscripted
its citizens in two wars, never before had it conscripted them in peace. Some
16,500.000 men, aged 21 to 36, forthwith became liable to compulsory
military service. How, when, whether conscription would actually touch them
was prescribed in 1) the bill, and 2) the selective system which the Army &
Navy had long since prepared against a martial day.
The Bill laid down the general philosophy, rules, scope of conscription:
No more than 900,000 conscripts can be called in any one year (the Army
plans to call 800,000 a year). They will be kept in training for one year, will
then enter an enlisted reserve where they will be subject to recall for
emergency service for ten years or until they are 45. They will not be subject
to periodic recalls for further training. But if Congress finds the nation in peril
before their initial year's service ends, they can be held under arms
indefinitely.
Election of 1940 then the Draft
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FDR decides to Run for a third term
The Nation Needs emergency situation:
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War in Europe
Problems in Asia
Wants to protect New Deal reforms
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Ran against Wendell Willkie
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FDR Wins- then begins the process
Prepare for War:
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Draft
Armament build up
FDR Wins Unprecedented 3rd Term
Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Speech
January 1941
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To congress, State of the Union, focus on war preparedness
“…the future of all the American Republics is today in
serious danger.
That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is unique
in our history.
The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy
should be devoted primarily-almost exclusively--to meeting
this foreign peril. For all our domestic problems are now a
part of the great emergency.
Just as our national policy in internal affairs has been based
upon a decent respect for the rights and the dignity of all
our fellow men within our gates, so our national policy in
foreign affairs has been based on a decent respect for the
rights and dignity of all nations, large and small. And the
justice of morality must and will win in the end.
Four Freedoms Continued
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“The first is freedom of speech and expression--everywhere in
the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his
own way--everywhere in the world.
The third is freedom from want--which, translated into world
terms, means economic understandings which will secure to
every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitantseverywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear--which, translated into world
terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a
point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a
position to commit an act of physical aggression against any
neighbor--anywhere in the world.”
Significance of “Four Freedoms”
Speech
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Represents FDR’s view that America needs to
prepare for war and support Britain.
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FDR Prepares for War
Increased Military appropriations
 Aliens are fingerprinted
 Peace time draft to raise 2 million troops
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October 1941 North Atlantic
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FDR was determined to continue to support England
with “Lend Lease” material
Extended an American defense zone around Iceland
Authorized Navy Destroyers to escort British merchant
ships, and shoot U-Boats on sight
Greer and Reuben James Incidents cause the US
Congress repeal last Neutrality ActsAllowed arming of merchant ships
Transport of goods through war zones
Navy Escorts allowed (FDR- was hoping for an
incident)
Why did the Japanese Bomb
Pearl Harbor?
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Japanese wanted to expand their empire into China. China had abundant natural
resources that would benefit the Japanese desire to build industry. In early 1930s Japan
began aggression in Manchuria (Manchckou) and later in 1937 began a full invasion of
the Chinese mainland.
The United States response was at first mild, Hoover-Stimson Doctrine. As Japan
began the invasion of mainland China the US policy began to change to one of more
active complaints and pressure on Japan in the form of economic embargo. At first
the embargo only addressed limited goods like scrap metals, later oil was being added,
all in an effort to dissuade the Japanese from further aggression in China.
Japan knew that war was probable so they made a plan to destroy the American Navy
at Pearl Harbor and invade the natural resource rich area of South East Asia,
including: Malaysia, Indonesia (lots of oil), Philippines, and Indochina (lots of rubber,
tin)
Pearl Harbor
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American Reaction to Pearl Harbor
American reaction to Pearl Harbor was swift
and violent.
Immediate calls for war and revenge were heard
throughout the country.
Congress declared war and thousands of soldiers
volunteered to fight.
Americans were mad and they would never
forget the treachery of the Japanese.
Big Questions: Winning
the War
 To what extent was the (industrial)
mobilization for war a key factor in the
American victory?
 How is the American home front and
mobilization in WWI similar to the home
front and mobilization in WWII and how
are they different?
Basics of WWII
 Fighting a multi-front war
 Diplomacy, war aims,
and wartime
conferences
 The United States as a
global power in the
Atomic Age
1. The Home Front
During the War
 Wartime mobilization of
the economy
 Urban migration and
demographic changes
 Women, work, and
family during the war
 Civil liberties and civil
rights during wartime
 War and regional
development
 Expansion of
government power
Be able to summarize the
following
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American response to Pearl Harbor
Arsenal of Democracy
Financing the war
Size of government
Internment of Japanese Americans
“A date that will live in Infamy”
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Yesterday, December 7,
1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of
America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air
forces of the Empire of Japan.
The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the
solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its
government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of
peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air
squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of
Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his
colleague delivered to our secretary of state a formal reply to a
recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed
useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it
contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack.
It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes
it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or
even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese
government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States
by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.
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Jay Noreski: Yes sir. My name is Noreski. Jay Noreski. I’m a World War
veteran. 1917 and 18. The last time I went to fought for democracy. They told
me to fight for democracy. And I went over. I volunteered. But next time, I’m
going to fight. There’s hate in my heart. What’s in me, what’s in my veins. I’m
gonna kill, slaughter those Nazi ones if I come across a wounded one,
wouldn’t interest me. I’d kill my own father if he dared fight against this
country. I’m an American, not by birth, but by choice. And I’m mighty damn
proud of it. What are you going to do in this county to chase every damn
skunk—German, Russian, Japanese, where they come from—and never bring
them back in this country. If I had—I wish I was the President for about one
year, I would—there’d be not a goddamn skunk left here in this country. And
I’m gonna tell you something else—United States never lost a war yet and
never gonna lose it because five guys, we might [inaudible] about our
presidents, about our Congressmen, about our—what do you call it? in charge
of a state?
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Andrew Smith: My name’s Andrew Smith. And I tell you, what I feel about
the war, they’ve been talking war long enough. And they’ve been talking long
time that we should have been in it. Way I feel about it—if it’d been up to me
we’d a been fighting a year ago. When Hitler first started they’d been fighting,
see, they would have stopped him before he got as far as they are. They’d
have stopped him, in fact, that’s what I think this one’s gonna come up to be
to stop him. And that’s the good thing that this really started, I think. As far
as Japan’s concerned, why it’s just like he just said, it’s a stab in the back. They
started something that nobody else, nobody gonna start, you know, and the
man was supposed to be here, supposed to’ve been talking peace to our
President, and they starting war over there. Well, I don’t think it was justice.
No justice there. Negro people would do their very best if they had a chance
to do what they can, that they would do their very best to do what they can.
See? But, if they have a chance to do it. All they want is a chance. Because if
they don’t get a chance, that’s the only reason they don’t do it because they
really don’t get a chance. See? But if they get a chance, why I really think they
would do their very best, especially if they all feel like I feel.
Key Ideas: America’s
Response to Pearl Harbor
and War
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US had started to prepare 1940
Airplane production/design
Draft/Selective Service-1940
Build the “Arsenal of Democracy”-Harness the
Industrial and Economic power of the US- and focus it
toward War.
 Focus on building War material- Specifically Air power,
Bombers, B17, B24, B29
 Germany was the biggest threat, Focus of first phase
of War
 Then Japan
Japan Offensive
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Hitler and Mussolini both declared war on the United
States as a sign of support for the Japanese.
Japan Attacks Polynesian Asia
Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese forces began a systematic invasion of the
Pacific. Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, French Indochina,
and the Philippines were overrun. American forces in
the Philippines were outnumbered and overwhelmed by
Japanese forces.
12,000 American prisoners were taken in the fall of the
last Philippine strong hold called Bataan.
“Bataan Death March”
Philippines Fall to Japanese link
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April 9, 1942 - U.S. forces on Bata-an surrender
unconditionally to the Japanese.
Link another link
How does America respond to Pearl
Harbor?
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Reading focus question:
How does the war impact American society?
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Use specific examples from reading
American “Arsenal of Democracy”
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America Mobilizes for War= (WPB)
War Production Board- goal is to transform industrial
production to War production, organize all industrial
output
Board had much power to control resources:
Limited civilian goods- Rationing of food, fuel…
Automobile production stopped
Conservation and recycle movement, rubber, metal,
grease,
“Arsenal of Democracy”
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$320 Billion government spending- 1940-1945
Huge amount was 6 times that of Roosevelt’s
first two terms.
Financing the War
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Taxes increase
Income
1941: 7 million people file taxes
 1944: 42 million people file taxes
 Government starts withholding $ from workers
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Loans/War Bonds
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$100 billion in bonds sold
Problem of Inflation
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Prices rise with full inflation
Full employment: GDP Doubles 1940-1945 to
$211.9 billion
Office of Price Administration is created to
manage prices
Freezes prices
Rations- Gas, tires, meat, sugar, shoes, coffee,
canned goods (Ration books-needed coupons to
purchase goods)
The Size of Government Explodes
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Hundreds of agencies created:
National War Labor Boards- to manage labor
practices and prevent strikes
Office of War Mobilization- to help coordinate
agencies
Local Draft Boards
Internment of Japanese Americans
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Japanese immigrants had increased in the United States since the
early 1900s (See Gentlemen's Agreement- TRoosevelt 1907)
Issei-Japanese immigrants, born in Japan
Nisei- US citizens- children of Japanese immigrants
When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor a great backlash was directed
at Japanese Americans
February 1942 FDR signed an Executive Order 9066
“Remove any and all persons who might pose a threat to
national security.”
March 18, 1942 - War Relocation Authority established in the
U.S. which eventually will round up 120,000 Japanese-Americans
and transport them to barb-wired relocation centers.
Farwell to Manzanar: Book about Japanese Internment
Japanese Relocation
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Were accused of potentially aiding Japanese espionage
Racist attitudes greed were also factors some people
wanted the opportunity to take Japanese land
Japanese Internment Camps
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Japanese were relocated in
Camps:
Some Japanese sued for
their rights:
Korematus v. the United
States
Supreme Court upheld the
Internment of the Japanese
In
Japanese internment
the entire course of the war, 10 people were convicted of spying
for Japan, all of whom were Caucasian.
Roosevelt interned 120,000 Japanese
2/3 were American citizens and had never shown disloyalty
Japanese American Heroes
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33,000 Japanese Americans served
Japanese-Americans sign up and fight for the
U.S. in Europe, including the 442nd
Regimental Combat Team, the most
decorated unit in U.S. history.
African Americans and the War
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A. Phillip Randolph- African American Leader
Wanted more Civil Rights for African
Americans
End of segregation in War Industries,
Presidential Executive Order 8802
Segregation in Military continued
Women and the War
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Rosie the
Riveter:
Women go to
work in
munitions
factories, other
jobs, and the
military
War in Europe
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Allies agreed that Europe was first priority
November 1942 North Africa 1942 Bombing campaign against
Germany begun
July 1942 Battle of Stalingrad begins-ends January 1943 turning
point in the war.- Germany is doomed
1943- SicilySeptember 1943 Italy Surrenders (German Army occupies and
holds Northern Italy)
1944 Rome Falls
June 6, 1944 D-Day- Allied Invasion of Normandy France, the
Second Front is opened.
December 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge (German counter attack
in the Ardennes Forrest, 200K Germans attack Allies)
May 8, 1945 Germany Surrenders (Hitler is dead, Russians
conquer Berlin) V-E Day
Air Power is a Key Strategy
Eisenhower
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Supreme Allied Commander WWII
Dwight David Eisenhower
War in the Pacific
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Strategy of Island Hopping: bypass
some islands controlled by
Japanese and attack specific islands,
to obtain air bases in an effort to
bomb Japan more efficiently and to
build up forces in an effort to
invade Japan.
Timeline of WWII (everything you
wanted to know and more)
March 11, 1942 - Gen. MacArthur
leaves Philippines and is flown to
Australia.
April 9, 1942 US Troops surrender
Philippines
June 4-5, 1942 Major victory at
Midway Island US takes out
Japanese aircraft carriers Link to
Midway ENTERPRISE,
HORNET, and YORKTOWN
attack
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August 7, 1942 – First US Attack
Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
February 19, 1945 - U.S. Marines
invade Iwo Jima.
July 5, 1945 Americans retake the
Philippines
April 1, 1945 - Okinawa.
August 6, 1945 - First Atomic Bomb
dropped on Hiroshima from a B-29
flown by Col. Paul Tibbets
“Little Boy”.
August 9, 1945 - Second Atomic Bomb
is dropped on Nagasaki
“Fat Man”
VJ Day- August 15, 1945
Japanese Surrender
Iwo Jima
Okinawa
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April 1 1945
77K army plus 20K militia
Japanese defenders
Would not surrender
Buying time for home island
fortification
Kamikaze attacks- 300 planes
at a time
Killed 4,900 sailors, wounded
4,824,
Sank 36 ships and damaged
368 more
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Japanese would not surrender
Mass suicides with grenades
and cyanide
50K Americans invade
Island is pacified in by June
1945
7,000 Japanese survive
7K Americans killed, 31,800
wounded 35%.
Atomic Bomb Production
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FDR authorized a secret program code named
“Manhattan Project”
1943, J. Robert Oppenheimer, led the team of
physicists to develop and atomic weapon, to
split the atom
Los Alamos, New Mexico
July 1945, the bomb was ready (Truman had no
idea any bomb like this was being worked on,
when he took office) Trinity
Why did Truman Decide to Drop 2
bombs on Japan?
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“Every man in these
fortifications will follow his
superior officer’s order and
fight to the end for the sake
of the motherland…Do not
suffer the shame of being
taken prisoner.”
Last words of commander at
Okinawa
Japanese had 2 million men
under arms and 4 million in
reserve in the home islands
5000 Kamikaze waiting
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The experience of Okinawa
and Iwo Jima
Revealed the US casualties to
invade Japan would number
in the hundreds of
thousandsWith an invasion force of
700K
When the Atomic bomb was
ready it was seen as the only
solution to saving American
lives. The Japanese would
not surrender.
Atomic Bombing Web Site
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Hiroshima
August 6, 1945
The “Enola Gay”
Captain Paul Tibbetts
Dropped “Little Boy”
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Nagasaki
August 9, 1945
“Fat Man”
Japanese finally
surrender
VJ Day- August 15, 1945
Propaganda
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Did the US engage in propaganda during this
war?
How and who was involved?
Can you cite some examples?
Wartime Conferences
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FDR (and later Truman) will coordinate the effort with Allied
leaders Churchill, and later Stalin
Casablanca-1943 FDR, Churchill, agreed on war aims: Sicily
invasion, Unconditional Surrender- of Japan and Germany
Cairo-1943- FDR and Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek- discussed war
aims in Asia, Japan will lose all islands acquired, Korea
independent
Teheran-1943 The “Big Three” discussed 2nd front in Europe
(France), Postwar Germany,
Yalta-February 1945 “Big Three” Discussed the fate of Poland,
Stalin asserted need for “Buffer Zone” and sphere of influence;
Stalin promised to allow free elections; planned for the division
of Germany after the war; Stalin promised to declare war on
Japan in exchange for Japanese land/Kurile Islands; (FDR is
dying and will be criticized for being manipulated by Stalin and
“selling out” Eastern Europe to the Russians.
Potsdam- Germany, July 1945, FDR dead, Truman, Churchill
gone, new Brit- Clement Atlee, Stalin- discussed boundaries for
Germany, German resources would pay for the war,
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Casablanca 1943
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Teheran 1943
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Yalta-February 1945
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Timeline of Holocaust
Anti-Semitic laws in
Germany begin in 1935
Nuremburg Laws
Holocaust begins when
Germans invade Russia
1941
Holocaust
Holocaust Process
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First Nazi takeover Starts with 1939 invasion
Identification and Segregation of Jews and others
(Ghettos and the Yellow Star)
Invasion of Russia 1941- Shooting of Jews on Mass
Scale- early Holocaust- Russia, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania
More efficient killing methods developed- Killing
Centers created- “Death Camps” poison Gas used
Ghettos Liquidated by train transport-
German
Atrocity… by Dina Pronicheva
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A Survivor's Eyewitness Account
"It was dark already...They lined us up on a ledge which was so small that
we couldn't get much of a footing on it. They began shooting us. I shut my
eyes, clenched my fists, tensed all my muscles and took a plunge down
before the bullets hit me. It seemed I was flying forever. But I landed safely
on the bodies. After a while, when the shooting stopped, I heard the
Germans climbing into the ravine. They started finishing off all those who
were not dead yet, those who were moaning, hiccuping, tossing, writhing in
agony. They ran their flashlights over the bodies and finished off all who
moved. I was lying so still without stirring, terrified of giving myself away. I
felt I was done for. I decided to keep quiet. They started covering the
corpses over with earth. They must have put quite a lot over me because I
felt I was beginning to suffocate. But I was afraid to move. I was gasping
for breath. I knew I would suffocate. Then I decided it was better to be shot
than buried alive. I stirred but I didn't know that it was quite dark already.
Using my left arm I managed to move a little way up. Then I took a deep
breath, summoned up my waning strength and crawled out from under the
cover of earth. It was dark. But all the same it was dangerous to crawl
because of the searching beams of flashlight and they continued shooting at
those who moaned. They might hit me. So I had to be careful. I was lucky
enough to crawl up one of the high walls of the ravine, and straining every
nerve and muscle, got out of it."
FDR Dies April 12, 1945
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FDR dies and Harry Truman takes over
FDR was elected to an unprecedented 4 terms
He was a extremely beloved leader.
“Roosevelt had filled their lives through
depression and war for more than a dozen years,
allying their fears and giving them hope. Now
he was gone…”
Election of 1944 running mate Harry S. Truman,
from Missouri, a Democratic Senator, becomes
President.
Harry Truman
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Democrat, Missouri
Vet of WWI- Combat
Failed Business
Haberdasher= Men's
clothing store
Political Machine
Honest- great concern for Public
Politician
interest
Senator 1934
“The Buck Stops here.” Scrappy
Loyal New Deal
advocate
Was ill-informed when he took
office. (FDR controlled all)
“Manhattan Project”
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Oppenheimer
Alamogordo
Was dropping the bomb necessary?
“GI Bill of Rights”
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GI is the term used for American soldiers in
WWII. (G.I. means General Issue)
The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
Provided veterans a series of benefits:
Low interest loans for homes, business, and farms
 Aid for education
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