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War in Europe and Africa To win the war, the Allies had to regain control of North Africa and most of Europe. January 1, 1942, the United States and 23 other Allied nations came together to defeat the Axis Power. > 1st Goal: Allied would defeat Hitler 1st before Japan • Problem: if the German defeated the Soviets, Germany might be unstoppable. • Stalin wanted…the USA to launch a major attack on Germany • Instead…the Allies made plans to attack North Africa Landing in Algeria and Morocco on November 8, 1942, American, British, and Canadian troops under the command of American General Dwight D. Eisenhower, advanced East. Sadly, they were defeated by the Germans. General Eisenhower Later, American General George Patton drove the Germans out of North Africa in May 1943. Operation Torch The Allies used bases in North Africa to launch an invasion of Italy. • What country did they need to st invade 1 before they invaded Italy? •Operation Husky: Invasion of Sicily on July 10, 1943 General Patton: Invasion of Sicily * Used Sherman Tanks* *Show Film Clip: Patton Italy Sher man *Invasion of Italy: Operation Avalanche 3 September 1943 Invasion of Italy As the Allies advanced… Italians killed Mussolini and surrendered • FYI: Italians hung him upside down in the time’s square. Anyone that wanted to come by for punching bag practice, could. Air War Over Germany • American Air Force would bomb German cities during the day • British Air Force would bomb the same areas, but at night • 30,000 Germans died, but they did not surrender Eastern Front: pg. 773 – 774 • Leningrad: • Moscow: • Stalingrad: The Eastern Front: Soviet Union vs. Germans Leningrad: German blockade for 872 days; Soviets did not surrender Started Sept. 8, 1941 • Moscow: German attack & German retreat Oct. 1941 – Jan. 1942 “We will defend Moscow!” Anti – Tank Defense Line Soviet Women in War Factories Women Building Anti – Tank Trenches • Stalingrad: Germans took the city, but had a counter – attack; Germans were forced to surrender July 17, 1942 – February 2, 1943 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQRdFYv cWjQ As the Soviets pushed toward Germany from the east, the Allies were planning a massive invasion of France from the west. Commander of the Allied Force: Eisenhower Invasion Code Name: Operation Overlord Allied troops would invade on the coast of Normandy June 6, 1944 (D – Day) = Allies landed on the coast Turning Point: beginning of the end for Hitler Hitler takes the defense Screaming Eagle, Airborne Unit st 101 Question Why didn’t the Allies choose General Patton to be the leader of the D – Day invasion? Answer the question in 2 – 3 sentences Operation Quicksilver: June 6, 1944 • Patton was sitting on the shores of England at the head of a fake army. English Channel • He was part of the largest and most successful deception operation of World War II. • The plan was used to conceal the build up of the Allied Army and disguise the destination of the invasion. On August 25, 1944, French and American soldiers marched through Paris. > Germany was surrounded: Soviets from the East & Americans/British from the West and South (Italy) > Germans last chance: Battle of the Bulge Dec. 16, 1944 > Allied Victory: 100,000 Allied casualties Battle of the Bulge *Lasted 5 weeks* The Siege of Bastogne was a fight between American and German forces at the Belgian town of Bastogne, as part of the larger Battle of the Bulge. The goal of the Germans was the harbor. In order to reach it before the Allies could regroup and bring their stronger air power, German forces had to seize the roadways through eastern Belgium. Because all seven main roads in the Ardennes mountain range joined on the small town of Bastogne, control of its crossroads was vital to the German attack. The siege lasted from Dec. 20 to Dec. 27 when the exhausted American forces were relieved by General Patton's Army. *You Do Not Need to Write this Down!* Ardennes Mountain Range *Side Note: With over 800,000 men committed and over 19,000 Americans killed, the Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest battle that American forces experienced in World War II. Final Phase: of the war in Europe Soviets surrounded Berlin Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 Germany signed unconditional surrender on May 7, 1945 *Side Note: Since Hitler killed himself, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel signed the ratified surrender terms for the German military in Berlin. The Allies declared May 8, 1945, V – E Day for Victory in Europe. President Roosevelt did not share in the Allied victory. He died on April 12, 1945. The next president was Harry S Truman. President Truman Holocaust > As the Allies started closing in on the Germans, they found horrible evidence of Nazi brutality. > Genocide on Jewish people > Concentration Camps: prison camps for the Jewish people • Auschwitz: largest camp; 1 – 2 million people were killed • Holocaust: 6 million Jews died –POWs –Gypsies –People with handicaps Holocaust • Word Origin: Greek • Whole (Holos) Burnt (kaustos) 1. A sacrifice destroyed by fire 2. A thorough destruction especially by fire Essential Question What were the major turning points of the war in Europe? Make a timeline of the invasions on the back of your notes.