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The American Nation
Chapter 27
The World War II Era,
1935–1945
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 27: The World War II Era, 1935–1945
Section 1:
The Gathering Storm
Section 2:
World War II Begins
Section 3:
Americans in Wartime
Section 4:
The Allies Turn the Tide
Section 5:
The End of the War
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The Gathering Storm
Chapter 27, Section 1
• What kind of dictatorship did Stalin set up in the
Soviet Union?
• How did authoritarian governments come to
power in Italy, Germany, and Japan?
• Why did the United States adopt a policy of
isolationism?
Stalin’s Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Chapter 27, Section 1
• Lenin had set up a communist government in the Soviet
Union.
• After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin gained power. He
ruled as a totalitarian dictator. In a totalitarian state, a single
party controls the government and people’s lives.
• Citizens do not ask questions.
• Criticism is punished.
• Stalin modernized industry and agriculture, but his
methods were brutal.
• Peasants had to hand over land and animals to
government-run farms. Millions who resisted were
executed or sent to labor camps.
• Stalin staged trials and executed his political enemies.
Fascism in Italy
Chapter 27, Section 1
•
Benito Mussolini and his Fascist party seized power in 1922. Fascism
combined militarism, extreme nationalism, and blind loyalty to the state.
• Fascists were supported by business leaders and landowners.
• Mussolini played on Italian anger over the Versailles Treaty, which
hadn’t given Italy all the territory it wanted after World War I.
• He also used economic unrest and fears of communist revolution.
•
Mussolini outlawed all political parties except his own.
• He controlled the press and banned criticism.
• Critics were jailed or murdered.
•
Mussolini promised to restore the greatness of ancient Rome.
• He began a program of military aggression. Aggression is a warlike
act by one country against another without just cause.
• In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. The Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie
asked the League of Nations for help, but the League responded
weakly. Ethiopia fell.
Nazism in Germany
Chapter 27, Section 1
• Adolf Hitler brought the National Socialist German Workers’
Party, or Nazis, to power in Germany.
• Hitler also played on anger about the Versailles Treaty,
which blamed Germany for World War I and made them
pay heavy war costs.
• Hitler blamed Jews and other traitors. Hitler was using
Jews and others as scapegoats—a person or group on
whom to blame one’s problems.
• In 1933, Hitler became head of the German government.
• He ended democratic rule and created a militaristic
totalitarian state.
• The government controlled the press, schools, and
religion.
Nazism in Germany
Chapter 27, Section 1
•
Hitler preached that Germans belonged to a superior race.
• The Nazis singled out Jews for special persecution. The Jews
were deprived of citizenship, forbidden to use public facilities,
and driven out of their jobs.
• Later, Jews were sent to concentration camps—prison camps
for civilians who are considered enemies of the state.
• In time, Hitler would unleash his plan to kill all European Jews.
•
•
•
Hitler claimed that Germany had a right to expand to the east.
He began to rebuild Germany’s military.
In 1936, German troops moved into the Rhineland, near the
borders of France and Belgium.
Military Rule in Japan
Chapter 27, Section 1
•
•
Japan suffered in the Great Depression. People grew impatient
with their democratic government, and military leaders took
power.
Like Hitler, these leaders preached racial superiority.
•
Military rulers set out to expand into Asia.
• In 1931, Japanese forces seized Manchuria in northeastern
China. Manchuria was rich in coal and iron.
• The Japanese set up a state in Manchuria called Manchukuo.
•
China called on the League of Nations for help.
• The League condemned Japanese aggression but did little
else.
• The United States refused to recognize Manchukuo but took
no action.
American Isolationism
Chapter 27, Section 1
In the United States, the isolationist mood of the 1920s continued.
Americans were determined to keep from becoming involved.
Neutrality
Acts
• In 1935, Congress passed the first of a series of Neutrality
Acts, which banned arms sales and loans to countries at war.
• Congress also warned Americans not to travel on ships of
countries at war.
Good
Neighbor
Policy
• In 1930, President Hoover had rejected the Roosevelt
Corollary. He said that the United States no longer claimed
the right to intervene in Latin American affairs.
• Franklin Roosevelt moved toward building friendlier relations
with Latin America. Under his Good Neighbor Policy,
American troops withdrew from Nicaragua and Haiti.
• The United States also canceled the Platt Amendment, which
had limited Cuban independence.
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 1
One method Hitler used to gain support in Germany was to
a) plan a program for dividing up the land into government-run farms.
b) promise to restore the glory of the ancient Roman empire.
c) blame Germany’s troubles on the Jews and other groups, but not on
Germans.
d) call on the League of Nations for help with Germany’s economic
problems.
Under his Good Neighbor Policy, Franklin Roosevelt
a) withdrew American troops from Latin American countries.
b) managed Cuban foreign policy and economic affairs.
c) banned arms sales or loans to countries in Latin America.
d) warned Americans to stay out of Latin American countries.
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Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 1
One method Hitler used to gain support in Germany was to
a) plan a program for dividing up the land into government-run farms.
b) promise to restore the glory of the ancient Roman empire.
c) blame Germany’s troubles on the Jews and other groups, but not on
Germans.
d) call on the League of Nations for help with Germany’s economic
problems.
Under his Good Neighbor Policy, Franklin Roosevelt
a) withdrew American troops from Latin American countries.
b) managed Cuban foreign policy and economic affairs.
c) banned arms sales or loans to countries in Latin America.
d) warned Americans to stay out of Latin American countries.
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World War II Begins
Chapter 27, Section 2
• How did aggression lead to war in Asia and
Europe?
• How did the United States respond to the
outbreak of World War II?
• Why did the United States finally enter the war?
Aggression in Asia
Chapter 27, Section 2
In 1937, Japan began an all-out war against China.
• Japanese planes bombed China’s major cities.
• Japanese troops occupied northern and central China.
The Japanese advance into China alarmed American leaders.
• They thought it would undermine the Open Door Policy,
which promised equal access to trade in China.
• It threatened the nearby Philippines.
• However, isolationist feelings kept the United States from
taking a firm stand.
Aggression in Europe
Chapter 27, Section 2
In 1938, Germany annexed Austria.
• This action violated the Treaty of Versailles.
• Britain and France took no action.
Later in 1938, Hitler claimed the Sudetenland, the western part of
Czechoslovakia. He said that many people of German heritage lived
there.
• Britain and France had signed treaties to protect Czechoslovakia
but did not want to go to war.
• In September, leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany met in
Munich. At this Munich Conference, Hitler promised that Germany
would take no further territory once it had the Sudetenland.
• Britain and France agreed. This practice of giving in to aggression
in order to avoid war is known as appeasement.
Aggression in Europe
Chapter 27, Section 2
In August 1939, Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
• The two rivals agreed not to attack each other.
• Secretly, they agreed to divide Poland and other parts of
Eastern Europe.
• In September 1939, Hitler launched a blitzkrieg, or lightning
war, against Poland. The Poles soon surrendered.
• The Soviet Union seized eastern Poland. It also invaded
Finland and later annexed Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia.
Aggression in Europe
Chapter 27, Section 2
The Outbreak of the Second World War
Chapter 27, Section 2
•
•
•
Two days after Hitler’s invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war
on Germany. World War II had begun.
• Germany, Italy, Japan, and six other nations formed the Axis powers.
• Eventually Britain, France, the United States, the Soviet Union, China,
and 45 other countries would make up the Allies.
In the spring of 1940, German armies smashed through Denmark and
Norway. In May they overran Holland and Belgium and pushed into France.
• Britain went to aid France, but by May, the Germans forced them to
retreat to Dunkirk, a French port on the English Channel. The British
sent every available ship to rescue the trapped soldiers.
• German armies marched to Paris. France surrendered on June 22,
1940.
At the time, Britain stood alone against Germany.
• In the Battle of Britain, German planes bombed London and other
British cities. British fighter pilots fought back.
• After months of bombing, Hitler gave up his plan to invade Britain.
How The United States Reacted to the Outbreak of War
Chapter 27, Section 2
Most Americans favored the Allies but did not want to go to war.
Isolationists opposed Roosevelt’s measures to help Britain and prepare
the nation for war.
Aid to the
Allies
• FDR asked Congress to repeal the law that banned the sale of
arms to warring nations. Isolationists objected. FDR won a
compromise. The United States could sell arms to the Allies
under a “cash-and-carry” plan, that is, the Allies had to pay
cash and carry away the arms in their own ships.
• German submarines sunk many British ships. Roosevelt
agreed to give Britain 50 old American destroyers. In return,
Britain gave the United States 99-year leases on military bases
in Newfoundland and the Caribbean.
Preparing
for war
• Congress approved greater spending for the army and navy.
• Congress set up a military draft, the first peacetime draft.
FDR’s
Third Term
• The threat of war persuaded Roosevelt to run for a third term.
He was the first President to do so.
How The United States Reacted to the Outbreak of War
Chapter 27, Section 2
Lend-Lease
• Roosevelt suggested lending supplies to Britain.
• Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, allowing sales or
loans of war goods to “any country whose defense the
President deems vital to the defense of the United States.”
• Airplanes, tanks, guns, and ammunition were transported
to Britain by British merchant ships.
• When Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941,
Roosevelt extended Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.
The Atlantic
Charter
• In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic
Charter, which set goals for the postwar world.
• The leaders agreed to seek no territory from the war.
• They supported “the right of all peoples to choose the form
of government under which they will live.”
• The charter called for a “permanent system of general
security” similar to the League of Nations.
Why the United States Finally Entered the War
Chapter 27, Section 2
• Americans were alarmed by Japanese aggression in
Asia. After Germany defeated France, Japan took
control of French colonies in Southeast Asia. In
September 1940, Japan signed an alliance with
Germany and Italy.
• The United States tried to stop Japanese aggression
by refusing to sell oil and scrap metal to Japan. This
embargo angered the Japanese.
• Japanese and American officials met in November
1941. Japan asked the United States to lift the
embargo. The United States asked Japan to withdraw
its armies from China and Southeast Asia. Neither
side would compromise
Why the United States Finally Entered the War
Chapter 27, Section 2
• On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, Japanese planes
attacked the American Pacific fleet anchored at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii.
• The Japanese thought the attack would force the United
States to beg for peace immediately.
• American aircraft carriers survived the attack because
they were at sea at the time.
• The Japanese did not bomb the fuel oil tanks in Hawaii.
The fuel oil was a valuable resource in the war that
followed.
• On December 8, 1941, Congress declared war on Japan.
• Germany and Italy then declared war on the United States.
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 2
After Hitler came to power in Germany, the first piece of land he claimed for
Germany was a part of
a) Czechoslovakia.
b) France.
c) Poland.
d) Belgium.
Which event finally brought the United States into World War II?
a) the German invasion of Poland
b) the German bombing of London
c) the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor
d) Germany and Italy’s declaration of war against the United States
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Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 2
After Hitler came to power in Germany, the first piece of land he claimed for
Germany was a part of
a) Czechoslovakia.
b) France.
c) Poland.
d) Belgium.
Which event finally brought the United States into World War II?
a) the German invasion of Poland
b) the German bombing of London
c) the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor
d) Germany and Italy’s declaration of war against the United States
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Americans in Wartime
Chapter 27, Section 3
• How did Americans mobilize the economy in
World War II?
• What impact did the war have on African
Americans?
• Why did Japanese Americans and other groups
face special problems during the war?
The United States Mobilized for War
Chapter 27, Section 3
The first task was to train forces for combat.
• Army, navy, and air bases were built all over the country.
• Recruits were trained to fight in jungles, deserts, towns, and farmlands.
• Women joined all the armed services—although they were not allowed in
combat.
The government controlled the economy during the war. Government
agencies set prices, negotiated with labor unions, and decided what to
produce.
• The War Production Board helped factories shift from producing
consumer goods to producing war materials.
• As consumer goods became scarcer, the government imposed rationing or
limitations on the amounts of certain goods that people could buy.
• To combat food shortages, many Americans planted victory gardens.
• To pay for the war, the government raised taxes and borrowed money from
citizens by selling war bonds.
• The war ended the Great Depression.
The United States Mobilized for War
Chapter 27, Section 3
Almost five million women entered the work force.
• They replaced the men who joined the armed
services.
• Rosie the Riveter, a fictional factory worker, became a
symbol of American women’s contributon to the war
effort.
• War work gave women better pay and working
conditions than before.
• The war changed women’s fashions. Many women
began to dress for work in trousers and overalls.
• Women gained a new sense of confidence.
The War’s Impact on African Americans
Chapter 27, Section 3
African Americans decided to pursue a “Double V” campaign—victory over the
enemy abroad and victory over discrimination at home.
• As industry geared for war, some factories put up “Help Wanted, White”
signs.
• To gain equality for African Americans, A. Philip Randolph, head of the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for a protest march on
Washington.
• After meeting with Randolph, FDR ordered employers that did business
with the government to end discrimination in hiring.
• Racial tension increased. Competition for scarce housing led to race riots.
FDR refused to end segregation of the races in the military.
• Nearly a million African Americans enlisted or were drafted.
• They had to serve in all-black units with white officers.
• The Tuskegee Airmen were African American fighter pilots who trained at
Tuskegee, Alabama. By the end of the war, the Tuskegee airmen had
destroyed or damaged about 400 enemy aircraft.
The War’s Impact on Japanese Americans
Chapter 27, Section 3
The war brought suffering to Japanese Americans.
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, some people questioned the loyalty of
Japanese Americans, although there was no evidence of disloyalty. Yet,
President Roosevelt signed an order allowing the army to move Japanese
Americans from their homes to “relocation camps.”
• Even people who were American citizens by birth were relocated.
• Japanese Americans were forced to sell property and businesses at a loss.
• Japanese Americans lived in crowded barracks behind barbed wire.
• Despite unfair treatment, thousands of Japanese American men served in
the armed forces.
The 442nd Nisei Regimental Combat Team became the most highly decorated
military unit in United States history.
In 1988, Congress apologized to Japanese Americans who had been driven
from their homes. Congress approved compensation, or repayment for
losses, in the amount of $20,000 to every survivor of the camps.
Problems for Other Groups
Chapter 27, Section 3
About 11,000 German Americans and several hundred Italian
Americans were also held in government camps.
• Other German and Italian Americans faced curfews or travel
restrictions.
Mexican Americans also faced problems.
• The United States signed a treaty with Mexico in 1942 establishing
the bracero program, in which recruiters found Mexican laborers
to work in the United States. Many Mexicans moved north to work
on farms and railroads.
• In 1943, a group of sailors attacked some Mexican Americans in
Los Angeles. The incident led to several days of rioting.
Newspapers blamed the Mexican Americans. In her newspaper
column, Eleanor Roosevelt argued that the riots were caused by
discrimination against Mexicans.
• Still, many Mexican Americans served in the military.
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 3
To mobilize for war, the United States did all of the following EXCEPT
a) ration many consumer goods
b) encourage women to work in factories.
c) sell war bonds.
d) train women for combat.
Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved from their homes to
relocation camps because
a) they had shown that they were disloyal to the United States.
b) certain people on the West Coast questioned their loyalty.
c) they were not American citizens.
d) it would force young Japanese Americans to join the service.
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Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 3
To mobilize for war, the United States did all of the following EXCEPT
a) ration many consumer goods
b) encourage women to work in factories.
c) sell war bonds.
d) train women for combat.
Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved from their homes to
relocation camps because
a) they had shown that they were disloyal to the United States.
b) certain people on the West Coast questioned their loyalty.
c) they were not American citizens.
d) it would force young Japanese Americans to join the service.
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The Allies Turn the Tide
Chapter 27, Section 4
• What defeats did the Allies suffer during the bleak
days of 1942?
• How did D-Day and the opening of the “Second
Front” help to turn the tide of battle in Europe?
• How did the war in Europe come to an end?
Allied Defeats of 1942
Chapter 27, Section 4
•
In 1942, German armies occupied most of Europe and much of North
Africa. Japan was sweeping across Asia and the Pacific. German
submarines were sinking ships faster than the Allies could replace them.
•
German armies were closing in on Moscow, Leningrad, and Stalingrad.
• The Soviets resisted by burning their crops and destroying farm
equipment so the Germans could not use them.
• The German attack caused terrible hardships.
•
Japanese forces were on the move in the Pacific.
• Japan seized Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
• General Douglas MacArthur directed American and Filipino troops in
defense of the Philippines and the island of Bataan. In the end,
MacArthur was forced to withdraw.
• Japan captured Malaya, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies.
• The Japanese advance was a threat to India, Australia, and New
Zealand.
The Tide of War Begins to Turn
Chapter 27, Section 4
The Allies had agreed that they must defeat Germany and Italy first.
Then, they would send their combined forces to fight Japan.
However, Americans won some victories in the war in the Pacific.
• American forces met a Japanese fleet in the Coral Sea near Java
in May 1942. After a three-day battle, the Japanese fleet was
turned back. It was the first naval battle in history in which
airplanes did all the damage. The planes were from the aircraft
carriers.
• One month later, the United States Navy won a stunning victory at
the Battle of Midway. The victory hampered the Japanese
offensive and kept Japan from attacking Hawaii again.
Allied forces began to push back the Germans in North Africa.
• In October 1942, the British drove German forces under Erwin
Rommel from El Alamein, Egypt, toward Tunisia.
• In May 1943, Rommel’s army had to surrender.
The Tide of War Begins to Turn
Chapter 27, Section 4
From North Africa, the Allies organized an invasion of Italy.
• First, the Allies captured the island of Sicily, then crossed
from Sicily into Italy.
• By then, the Italian people had overthrown Mussolini.
• However, the Germans still occupied much of Italy.
• In a series of bloody battles, the Allies fought their way
through Italy. On June 4, 1944, they freed Rome from Nazi
control.
Meanwhile, the Soviet army had defeated the Germans at
Leningrad and Stalingrad. Soviet troops were pushing the
Germans back across EasternEurope.
The Second Front Helps to Turn the Tide
Chapter 27, Section 4
For years, Stalin had urged Britain and the United States to send armies
across the English Channel into France. Such an attack would create a
second front in Western Europe and ease pressure in the East.
• The allies were not prepared for such an invasion until 1944.
• Years of planning went into Operation Overlord, the code name for the
invasion of Europe.
• General Dwight Eisenhower was appointed commander of Allied forces in
Europe.
• The Germans knew the attack was coming, but not when or where.
On June 6, 1944—D-Day, as it was known—a fleet of 4,000 Allied ships carried
the invasion force to France.
• The troops scrambled ashore at Normandy.
• Despite intense German resistance, the Allies pushed on.
• The Allies reached Paris on August 25, 1944. Within a month, France was
free.
Turning Points
Chapter 27, Section 4
The War in Europe Comes to an End
Chapter 27, Section 4
By September, the Allies were advancing toward Germany. On
December 16, 1944, German forces began a fierce counterattack.
• In one area, the Germans pushed the Allies back, creating a bulge
in the front lines. This Battle of the Bulge, as it was later called,
slowed the Allies down, but it did not stop them.
• While troops were fighting on the ground, British and American
airmen were dropping bombs on German cities, factories, and oil
refineries.
In 1944, President Roosevelt ran for a fourth term.
• The Republican opponent was Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New
York.
• Roosevelt and his running mate, Senator Harry S Truman of
Missouri, won more than 54 percent of the vote.
• A short time later, in April 1945, Roosevelt died.
The War in Europe Comes to an End
Chapter 27, Section 4
By April 1945, Germany was collapsing. American troops
were closing in:
• from the west. Soviet troops were advancing from the
east.
• On April 25, American and Soviet troops met at
Torgau, 60 miles south of Berlin.
• Soon after, Hitler committed suicide.
• On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered. On May 8, the
Allies celebrated V-E Day—Victory in Europe.
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 4
In the darkest days of the war for the Allies, German armies had control of
a) the main cities of the Soviet Union—Leningrad, Moscow, and
Stalingrad.
b) most of Europe and much of North Africa.
c) Hong Kong and the Philippines.
d) Western Europe, including Great Britain.
The Allies opened a second front in Europe by landing an enormous invasion
force at
a) Stalingrad.
b) Egypt.
c) Sicily.
d) Normandy.
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Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 4
In the darkest days of the war for the Allies, German armies had control of
a) the main cities of the Soviet Union—Leningrad, Moscow, and
Stalingrad.
b) most of Europe and much of North Africa.
c) Hong Kong and the Philippines.
d) Western Europe, including Great Britain.
The Allies opened a second front in Europe by landing an enormous invasion
force at
a) Stalingrad.
b) Egypt.
c) Sicily.
d) Normandy.
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End of the War
Chapter 27, Section 5
• How did American forces advance in the Pacific?
• Why did Japan finally surrender?
• What made World War II the deadliest war in
history?
American Forces Advance in the Pacific
Chapter 27, Section 5
While war raged in Europe, the Allies kept up pressure on Japan. The
United States had two goals: to regain the Philippines and to invade
Japan.
To gain control of the Pacific Ocean, American forces used the
strategy of island-hopping—capturing some Japanese-held islands
and going around others. Each island that was won became a
steppingstone to Japan.
• First, American ships shelled an island. Next, troops waded
ashore under heavy gunfire. Then, Americans overcame fierce
Japanese resistance in hand-to-hand fighting.
• Navajo soldiers radioed messages from island to island in a code
based on the Navajo language. The Japanese intercepted the
messages but could not understand these Navajo code-talkers.
In October 1944, American forces under General MacArthur returned
to the Philippines.
American Forces Advance in the Pacific
Chapter 27, Section 5
Americans then captured the islands of Iwo Jima and
Okinawa.
• Japanese leaders stressed an ancient code—the Way
of the Warrior. To surrender was to be dishonored. In
suicide missions, kamikaze pilots loaded old planes
with bombs and crashed them into Allied ships.
By 1945, American forces had begun to launch attacks
against Japanese cities and factories. The United States
made plans to invade Japan the following autumn.
World War II in the Pacific
Chapter 27, Section 5
Japan Surrenders
Chapter 27, Section 5
•
•
•
•
•
President Truman, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Joseph
Stalin of the Soviet Union met in Potsdam, Germany, in July 1945.
While there, Truman received word that American scientists had
successfully tested the atomic bomb.
The Allied leaders sent a message warning Japan to surrender or
face “prompt and utter destruction.” Not knowing about the atomic
bomb, Japanese leaders ignored this Potsdam Declaration.
On August 6, 1945, the American bomber Enola Gay dropped an
atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. The blast killed 70,000 people and
injured an equal number. Many people died later from the effects of
atomic radiation.
On August 9, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
On August 14, 1945, the emperor of Japan announced that the nation
would surrender. The formal surrender took place on September 2
aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. V-J Day—Victory in Japan—
sparked wild celebrations across the United States.
The Deadliest War in History
Chapter 27, Section 5
World War II was the deadliest war in history.
Casualties
• The exact number of casualties will probably never be
known.
• Historians estimate that between 30 million and 60 million
people were killed
Property
• Bombers destroyed houses, factories, and farms.
• By 1945, millions were homeless and had no way to earn a
living.
Bataan
Death
March
After the war, Americans learned about the brutal mistreatment
of prisoners of war. The Japanese had forced about 75,000
American and Filipino prisoners to march 65 miles with little
food or water. About 10,000 died or were killed.
The Deadliest War in History
Chapter 27, Section 5
Holocaust
• In the last months of the war, Allied forces discovered the
extent of the Holocaust, the slaughter of Europe’s Jews by
the Nazis. More than 6 million Jews were tortured and
murdered in the Nazi death camps.
• Nearly 6 million Poles, Slavs, and Gypsies were also victims
of the death camps.
• Nazis killed many prisoners of war, as well as people with
physical or mental disabilities.
• As a reaction to the Holocaust, the Allies tried Nazi leaders
at war crimes trials in Nuremberg, Germany. As a result of
the Nuremberg Trials, 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to
death. Thousands of others were imprisoned. The Allies
also tried and executed some Japanese leaders for war
crimes
Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 5
The event that finally led the Japanese to surrender was
a) the Battle of Midway.
b) the American capture of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, near the mainland of
Japan.
c) the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
d) the Potsdam Declaration.
The Holocaust was
a) the Allied bombing of European houses, factories, and farms.
b) a forced march of American and Filipino soldiers in which thousands
died.
c) the war crimes trial of Nazi leaders.
d) the Nazi slaughter of European Jews.
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Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 27, Section 5
The event that finally led the Japanese to surrender was
a) the Battle of Midway.
b) the American capture of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, near the mainland of
Japan.
c) the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
d) the Potsdam Declaration.
The Holocaust was
a) the Allied bombing of European houses, factories, and farms.
b) a forced march of American and Filipino soldiers in which thousands
died.
c) the war crimes trial of Nazi leaders.
d) the Nazi slaughter of European Jews.
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