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*WWI? *Central Powers? *Allied Powers? *Treaty of Versailles? *Great Depression? * *Totalitarian/Fascist Governments *Japan - Hirohito *Germany - Hitler *Italy – Mussolini *Totalitarian/Communist Government *USSR- Stalin * Causes of WWII *WWLOND?? What Would League of Nations Do? *Japan Prior to WWI ‡ Commodore Matthew Perry Prior to WWII ‡ Militarists wanted to solve the country’s problems ‡ Treaty of Kanagawa through foreign expansion ‡ Meiji Era/Modernization ‡ Poor Relations with USA ‡ Sino Japanese War ‡ Russo Japanese War Invaded Manchuria in 1931 WWLOND? League of Nations did nothing in spite of protests. Japan pulled out of the League in 1933. *Who: Japanese military and Nanjing citizens *What: Japanese killed and raped Chinese soldiers and citizens *Where: Nanjing, China *When: 1937 *Why: Japanese wanted more land (trying to conquer China) USA’s Response: ‡ Refused to recognize Japan’s conquests in Asia ‡ Imposed an embargo on exports of oil & steel to Japan *Italy * Prior to WWI Prior to WWII ‡ Nationalism Unification Movement ‡ Mussolini’s Fascist Party Takes Control ‡ Cavour ‡ Dreamed of Colonial Empire in Africa ‡ Garibaldi ‡ Encouraged by Japan’s success WWLOND? Britain and France gave in to Mussolini to keep peace in Europe *Who: Mussolini (Italy) vs. Ethiopia *What: Italy invaded Ethiopia *When: October 1935 *Where: Ethiopia *Why: Italy wanted more land & wanted to become world power *Spain *Who: Francisco Franco (Fascist) versus Loyalists (democratic government); Germany/Italy vs. Soviet Union *What: Civil War *When: 1936 *Where: Spain *Why: Franco and rebels wanted a Fascist government *Germany Prior to WWI Prior to WWII ‡ Otto von Bismarck ‡ Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles ‡ Realpolitik ‡ Withdraws from LON in 1933 ‡ Renounces Treaty of Versailles in 1935; militarizes * Rhineland on March 7, 1936. The Rhineland was a part of Western Germany where German troops had not been allowed since WWI in order to protect France from attack. WWLOND?? Appeasement *October 1936: Hitler and Mussolini sought an alliance with each other called the Rome-Berlin Axis. *November 1936: Germany made an agreement with Japan. *Germany, Japan, and Italy became known as the Axis Powers. *March 1938: Hitler sent his troops to annex Austria in spite of the prohibition of Anschluss (union between Austria and Germany) *WWLOND?? * ignored promises to protect Austrian independence *Who: Hitler (Germany) vs. Czechoslovakia *What: Hitler wanted to add (annex) the Sudetenland to his empire *When: September – October 1938 *Where: Sudetenland (west of Czechoslovakia) *Why: Hitler wanted more land for his people; area forming against Hitler * September 29, 1938 Meeting of Germany, France, Britain and Italy that was proposed by Mussolini *Neville Chamberlain (PM of Britain):preserve peace by giving in to Hitler’s demand. *Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland (appeasement) as long as he would demand no more territory. * *Hitler violates the Munich Pact Six months after the Munich Conference, Hitler took Czechoslovakia, then Albania, and then Poland *Nonaggression Pact *August 23, 1939: Stalin talked with Hitler and agreed publicly to never attack one another; divide Poland & the Baltics *In the spring of 1939, Great Britain promised Poland, Greece, Turkey, and Romania that if Hitler attacked them, the British would come to their aid. . * *September 1, 1939: *Germany invades Poland *England & France declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939 * *New War Tactic: Blitzkrieg or lighting war *Dive bombers attacked from the air to damage defenses *Infantry followed: tanks & artillery then foot soldiers * *Polish air force = destroyed *Polish soldiers = no match for Germans *Polish landscape = no natural barriers to slow the blitzkrieg * *Spring 1940 Germans invaded Denmark & Norway (lightly defended) *May 1940 Germans go through Netherlands & Belgium Look towards Northern France * *May 1940 = northeast France Germans attack Ardennes Dense forest region near French/ Belgian border (undefended) Germans move northwest to coast _ * _ *Dunkirk = coastal town (northwest France, near English Channel) * German troops trapped hundreds of thousands of Allied troops * Allied military & civilian ships saved over 300,000 retreated to Great Britain * *June 22, 1940 France surrendered to Germany *Germany occupied France *Vichy France: *area under control of French officials cooperating with Hitler After such attacks, should racially similar people lose their rights in the united states? Free French & Resistance *General Charles DeGaulle led the government in exile – Free French *Resistance Fighters continued to try to disrupt German occupation of France with assassination & sabotage Battle of Britain Battle of Britain *In 1940 Germany began a massive bombing campaign to demoralize Great Britain *The RAF successfully defended Great Britain via radar! America’s Supporting Role a)Cash and Carry b)Lend-Lease c) Atlantic Charter Cash and Carry *Allowed Allied nations to buy war goods from the United States *PROVISIONS: *Required to pay in cash *Required to transport the goods on their own ships Lend–Lease *Allowed Allied nations to buy war goods from the United States *PROVISIONS: *Could buy goods on credit in exchange for leases on military bases The Atlantic Charter Franklin Delanor Roosevelt & Churchill agree on war aims (August 1941) Japanese in the pacific *Seized Hong Kong, Singapore, and invaded the Philippines. * Took both Thailand and Burma, which bordered India. Pearl Harbor in·tern·ment n. 1. The act of interning or confining, especially in wartime. 2. The state of being interned; confinement *Hitler had been secretly planning a series of military operations against the Soviet Union since the summer of 1940. *Hitler did not trust the Soviets. *June 1941 * On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched his campaign against the Soviet Union using blitzkrieg. (Event 6: The Soviet Union Invasion) * They unsuccessfully tried to take over Leningrad and Moscow. *The winter weather of 1941 stopped them. * *July 1942 * The Germans try to conquer the USSR again by taking Stalingrad (Battle of Stalingrad) * February 2, 1943: 90,000 frostbitten, halfstarved German troops surrendered to the Soviets * This was a huge victory for the Soviets as the Germans were no on the defensive. *Summer 1943 * The Red Army began to push the Nazi armies back to Germany. * * The United States Enters the War * December 7th, 1941: The Japanese attacks the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by surprise. * Half of the ships in the US Navy were destroyed * December 8th, 1941: The United States declares war on Japan. * December 11th, 1941: Italy and Germany (remember the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis?) declare war on the United States. * * The Japanese considered it dishonorable to surrender, and they had contempt for the prisoners of war in their charge. * They forced a march of more than 50 miles up the peninsula and subjected their captives to terrible cruelties: * “I was questioned by a Japanese officer, who found out that I had been in a Philippine Scout Battalion. The [Japanese] hated the Scouts…anyway, they took me outside and I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the head with shoves to stun them and piled earth on top.” -Lieutenant John Spainhower * * * Where did it take place? One of the Solomon Islands * Who was involved? Japan & the U.S. * What happened? * Japan constructed an airfield there * US Marines surprised them and seized the airfield before the Japanese completed it and made it a major stronghold * Why was it important? It was another major turning point in favor of the Allies in the Pacific War. *September 1940: Italy attacked the British forces in Egypt. *The German and British armies did most of the fighting in North Africa. *At El Alamein, in 1942, the Germans were finally forced to retreat. *Operation Torch * The first fighting between American and German troops in WWII. *June 1944: The Allies capture Rome and defeat the Italians. * *Churchill and Roosevelt met together aboard a warship in the Atlantic Ocean and signed the Atlantic Charter. *This supported the right of all people to choose their own government. *It proposed a world organization be established to keep peace. *The Allies agreed that Germany, Italy, and Japan must be forced to accept unconditional surrender. * *November 1943: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Teheran (Iran) and agreed to launch the Allied invasion of Western Europe. *June 6, 1944: D-Day * This was the largest invasion in history. * Within a month, more than one million Allied soldiers landed on the beaches of Normandy in France. *December 1944: The Germans were pushed back to their own border. *March 1945: The American army crossed the Rhine River into Germany. *April 1945: The Russians reach Berlin, Germany. *May 2nd, 1945: Berlin falls to the Allies. *May 7th, 1945: The German forces surrender. (A week before Germany surrendered, Hitler committed suicide.) * *