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Transcript
Building the War Machine • U.S. in a perfect condition for amassing arms and supplies • Massive European orders ended the depression • The War Production Board converted factories to war goods • America became the Arsenal of Democracy • Farmers grew large amount of crops • Gov’t rationed food to save things like meat for soldiers • Gov’t also took control of key industries such as coal and RR’s to prevent strikes Manpower and Woman Power • Draft called up 15 million men • Women served in noncombat positions in Army, Navy, and Coast Guard • Draft pulled men from farms, so gov’t called in Mexican workers through the Bracero Program • Millions of women went into factories, characterized by Rosie the Riveter • Many women wanted to keep their jobs after the war • Most were forced out after the war • After war, a new women’s movement begins Wartime Migrations • WWII caused massive migrations into large boom cities (LA, Detroit, Seattle) • Blacks once again moved out of the south and into these booming cities • Philip A. Randolph threatened to march on Washington to protest inequality in the workplace • FDR responded by creating the Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor workplace treatment • Blacks also were drafted into the military, but usually served in menial roles in segregated units • The Tuskegee Airmen were an exception (all-black pilot squadron) • South’s need for cheap labor disappeared w/ inventions of new mechanical tools • Many Native Americans were drafted too • Most famous group were the Navajo Code Talkers – Important code transmitters, Japanese and Germans couldn’t understand their language • All these migrations caused race riots • Most infamous were the Zoot Suit Riots, in which Mexican males were targeted The Home Front • Most Americans in good shape during the war • Made lots of money • After war, Americans go on spending frenzy • The war paved the way even more for big gov’t • Millions of people now worked directly for gov’t • Overall, WWII cost around $330 Billion The Asian Theater • After Pearl Harbor, Japanese had taken much of the Pacific • General Douglas MacArthur’s forces forced to surrender the Philippines • US POW’s forced on the Bataan Death March • Major turning points in the Pacific were the Battle of the Coral Sea which 1st stopped the Japanese advance • The Battle of Midway, US under command of Admiral Chester A. Nimitz destroyed all four Japanese aircraft carriers • After Midway, Americans Island-hopped to Japan – Take over less-fortified islands and build airports • US eventually take Guadalcanal and Philippines back The European Theater • After Britain’s cracking of German Enigma Code, U-boat locations were made known • Gave the Allies upper hand in fighting Germans • Allies first invade N. Africa in Operation Overlord • Goal was to protect British oil shipping through the Suez Canal • 1942, British defeat Nazi general Erwin Rommel (The Desert Fox) • Operation Overlord gave USSR hope and same year, they defeat Nazis in a massive Battle of Stalingrad • Allies next moved to Italy, offering them unconditional surrender • Rome was taken on June 4, 1944 • Next, FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and China’s Jiang Jieshi meet at Tehran • At this meeting, Preparations were made for a joint invasion of Germany (Soviets from the East, Br. And US. From West) • D-Day, The Invasion of Normandy • Allied forces win after brutal fighting and land millions o troops and supplies in France • By October, 1944, Nazis in trouble Election of 1944 • Roosevelt runs with vice candidate Harry S. Truman • And he wins the election End of Hitler • Hitler’s last-ditch effort to save the war was called the Battle of the Bulge • By 1945, US and Allied forces had reached the Rhine River • Allies began uncovering concentration camps of the Holocaust • Meanwhile, Soviets invading from the east • On April 12, 1945, FDR dies and Truman takes over • Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945 • Germans surrender on May 7, 1945, called V-E Day or Victory in Europe