Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
World War II • Before the war • US enters the war • The front lines • The Pacific • Europe • End of War • Liberating concentration camps • The Homefront • Japanese Internment • Sacrifice and rationing • Women • Double V • Zoot Suit Riots Before the War > Events leading up to the attack & H.V. Kaltenborn on Hitler’s speech, 1938 • 1922 Benito Mussolini comes to power in Italy • September 1931 Japan occupies Manchuria • March 1933 Adolf Hitler seizes power • May 1933 Japan quits League of Nations • 1936 Spanish Civil War against Franco • August 1937 Japan invades China • October 1937 FDR calls for international cooperation against aggression • March 1938 Germany annexes Austria • September 1938 Munich agreement lets Germany annex Sudetenland of Czechos • November 1938 Kristallnacht, Nazis attack Jews and destroy Jewish property • March 1939 Germany annexes remainder of Czechoslovaka • August 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union sign nonagression pact • September 1939 Germany invades Poland; World War II begins •April-June 1940 Bliztkrieg (Germany conquers much of Western Europe) • September 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan (the Axis powers) conclude a military allian • September 1940 First peacetime draft in American history • November 1940 FDR elected for a third term • March 1941 Lend-Lease Act extends aid to Great Britain • May 1941 Germans secure the Balkans • June 1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union • August 1941 The United States and Great Britain agree to the Atlantic Charter • December 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Before the War > War of the Worlds broadcast, October 30, 1938 Before the War > Antiwar labor pamphlet On March 11, 1941, President Roosevelt signed into law the Lend-Lease Bill, providing war supplies to countries fighting the Axis Before the War > Antiwar labor pamphlet Before the War > North American Aviation advertisement, Collier’s, 1942 Before the War > Omaha high school student’s fascist sticker, 1938 Pearl Harbor > US Ships during Pearl Harbor attack, 1941 Pearl Harbor > Live KTU broadcast from Hawaii during the attack Reporter: Hello, NBC. Hello, NBC. This is KTU in Honolulu, Hawaii. I am speaking from the roof of the Advertiser Publishing Company Building. We have witnessed this morning the distant view a brief full battle of Pearl Harbor and the severe bombing of Pearl Harbor by enemy planes, undoubtedly Japanese. The city of Honolulu has also been attacked and considerable damage done. This battle has been going on for nearly three hours. One of the bombs dropped within fifty feet of KTU tower. It is no joke. It is a real war. The public of Honolulu has been advised to keep in their homes and away from the Army and Navy. There has been serious fighting going on in the air and in the sea. The heavy shooting seems to be . . . a little interruption. We cannot estimate just how much damage has been done, but it has been a very severe attack. The Navy and Army appear now to have the air and the sea under control. Operator: Ah, just a minute. . . . This is the telephone company. This is the operator. Reporter: Yes. Operator: We have quite a big call, an emergency call. Reporter: We’re talking to New York now. Pearl Harbor > Pearl Harbor hero Doris (“Dorie”) Miller poster Propaganda > Anti-Nazi poster, 1942 Propaganda > Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo on Collier’s cover, 1942 Propaganda > OWI short Justice, 1945 Propaganda > Frank Capra, The Negro Soldier, 1942 The USSR • Russian Bolshevik revolution of 1917: international socialist order of dictatorship of proletariat • Vladimir Lenin: socialism in one country, gradual transition from capitalism through “New Economic Policy” • Leon Trotsky: international proletarian revolution • Josef Stalin: economic nationalism, radical industrialization through Five Year Plans and use of forced penal labor • US: borderless “free market” capitalism • USSR: economic nationalism through central planning Stalin, Lenin, and Trotsky in 1919 Russian Rhapsody (1944) Clip Mission to Moscow 1944 • • • • Based on career of Joseph E. Davies, former US ambassador to Moscow FDR commissioned the film and oversaw it’s production Finds excuses for Soviet purges of communist elite, invasion of Finland, and the Nazi-Soviet Pact Aimed at both US and Soviet audiences, to facilitate cooperation during the war Mission to Moscow Clip Front Lines > Some key events of World War II • December 1941 - Pearl Harbor • February 1942 - Executive Order mandates internment of Japanese Americans • May-June 1942 - US wins naval superiority in the Pacific • November 1942 - US lands in North Africa • January 1943 - Casablanca Conference announces unconditional surrender policy • February 1943 - Soviet victory over Germans in Stalingrad • May 1943 - German troops surrender in Africa • July 1943 - Allied invasion of Italy • June-August 1944 - US lands in Normandy; liberates Paris • November 1944 - FDR is elected to fourth term • February 1945 - Yalta conference renews US-Soviet alliance • February-June 1945 - US captures Iwo Jima and Okinawa • April 1945 - FDR dies; Harry Truman becomes president • May 1945 - Germany surrenders • August 1945 - US drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Japan surrenders Front Lines > War in Europe Front Lines > Wartime broadcasts of Edward Murrow and others from London: Trafalgar Square, Rooftop air raid report, and US bombing run Front Lines > Cartoon from Yank: The Army Weekly, 1943 Front Lines > Ben Hurwitz, inside a troop ship, 1943 Front Lines > An African American GI escorts captured German soldiers Front Lines > War in the Pacific Front Lines > War in the Pacific from the soldiers’ point of view U.S. Marine, Guam, 1944 This foxhole is about two feet deep. Now, I would like to be able to speak louder and with more clarity, but unfortunately, the slightest noise, the slightest rustle, will draw fire not only from the Japanese, who are someplace, perhaps, in the dense foliage around us or up on the ridge, but from our own Marines who are huddled nearby in foxholes like this one. I don’t know how they [the Japanese] do it. We can lie here absolutely breathless listening to the slightest sounds and not see anything—in fact, not hear anything— and then we wake up and find that they’re all around us. And it’s a very tough and tedious job to root them out, [inaudible] them and exterminate them. We lost quite a few people in our unit. A very popular captain was Yoshida Kashichi, Guadalcanal, 1942 No matter how far we walk We don’t know where we’re going Trudging along under dark jungle growth When will this march end? Hide during the day Move at night Deep in the lush Guadalcanal jungle Our rice is gone Eating roots and grass Along the ridges and cliffs Leaves hide the trail, we lose our way Stumble and get up, fall and get up Covered with mud from our falls Blood oozes from our wounds No cloth to bind our cuts Flies swarm to the scabs No strength to brush them away Fall down and cannot move How many times I’ve thought of suicide. Front Lines > American soldier killed by mortar fire, 1944 Front Lines > Bill Maudlin, “Up Front,” Stars and Stripes, 1945 “Fresh, spirited American troops, flushed with victory, are bringing in thousands of hungry, ragged, battle-weary prisoners.” End of War > Bodies of victims in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp End of War > Six-year-old orphan wearing a Buchenwald badge End of War > American and Russian Troops, 1945 World War II Deaths • • • • • About 50 million killed worldwide USSR 13 million soldiers, 7 million civilians Germany almost 3 million soldiers, 2 million civilians Japan 1.3 million soldiers, 700,000 civilians US 292,000 (Great Britain similar) Internment > Map of Japanese-American Internment Camps Internment > “How to Tell Chinese from a Jap,” from an Army manual Internment > Inside the fence of an internment camp Internment > Fred Korematsu with a letter of apology from the White House Home Front > Winchester poster urging sacrifice Home Front > Collier’s cover, on rationing, 1942 Home Front > 1943 poster on conserving fuel Home Front > Cigarette ad in McCall’s, 1942 Home Front > Job listings board in Detroit, July 1941 Home Front > “It’s Boats, Boats, Boats!” OWI poster Home Front > “America’s Answer! Production” Office for Emergency Management poster, 1942 Women > Rosie the Riveter Poster Women > After work in a Richmond, California, shipyard Women > War Manpower Commission recruiting posters Double V > Poster for a Double V campaign of 1942 Double V > Members of the United Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Employees Union, Detroit, 1942 Double V > March on Washington Movement Flyer, ca. 1941 and a photograph of on Washington, 1963 March Double V > Policemen arresting women during the riots in Harlem, 1943 Double V > The Detroit Riot, June 21, 1943 Zoot suit > Clyde Duncan from Gainsville, VA, in the New York Times, 1943 and musician Cab Calloway, 1943 jazz Zoot suit > Cartoon, Mercury Herald and News, April 25, 1943 Zoot suit > Los Angeles police officer pretends to clip the hair of a zoot-suiter; headline from Los Angeles Examiner, 1942 Zoot suit > Mexican Americans stripped of zoot suits during the riots, Life, 1943 The Origins of the Cold War • • • • • The End of World War II The USSR Yalta and Postsdam Conferences The Atomic Bomb The Strategy of Containment and the Truman Doctrine World War II Deaths • • • • • About 50 million killed worldwide USSR 13 million soldiers, 7 million civilians Germany almost 3 million soldiers, 2 million civilians Japan 1.3 million soldiers, 700,000 civilians US 292,000 (Great Britain similar) World War II Casualties Wikipedia: • About 73 million killed worldwide • USSR 11 million soldiers, 12 million civilians • Germany 5.5 million soldiers, 1.5 million civilians • Japan 2.1 million soldiers, 0.7 civilians • China 3.8 million soldiers, 16,2 million civilians • US 1 million soldiers and civilian Foner: • Total: 50 million • Russia: over 20 million Economy and the Cold War • 1930s: dominance of heavy industry—labor-intensive, isolationist, in favor of tariff barriers • 1940s: growth of producers of consumer goods—capitalintensive, in favor of free trade, access to markets • US production doubled, 1946-56 Bretton-Woods Conference, New Hampshire, July 1944 • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) • General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) • Bretton Woods system of exchange rates • US dollar replaces the British pound as the main currency for international transactions • Dollar value is set at $35 per gold ounce - brings back the gold standard abandoned in the 1930s The United Nations • • • • • • 1944, near Washington, DC: structure established General Assembly - each member has equal voice Security Council: six rotating members, Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, each with veto power June 1945, San Francisco: 51 countries adopt US charter July 1945: US Senate endorsed Tensions because of colonialism: Mahatma Ghandi to FDR: the idea that “the Allies are fighting to make the world safe for freedom of the individual and for democracy seems hollow, so long as India, and for that matter, Africa, are exploited by Great Britain, and America has the Negro problem in her own home.” Cold War and the World • 1920-1944: Multipolar system of diplomacy • Destruction of infrastructure during World War II • Decolonization in Asia and Middle East following war Map: Colonial Affiliations before 1945 Decolonization • • • • • • • • • 1945 Ho Chi Mihn proclamation of Vietnamese nationhood is based on US declaration of independence 1947 India and Pakistan achieve independence from Great Britain; Jawaharlal Nehru favors socialism as route for independence 1949 Indonesia achieves independence from the Netherlands 1955 Bandung Conference of 29 Asian and African nations in Indonesia 1957 Ghana achieves independence from Greate Britain; African-American leaders serve as advisers to Kwame Nkrumah, who also favors socialism 1964 Tanzania formed as an independent state; becomes center of black nationalist movement 1966 Black Panther Party founded in the US; establishes ties to Tanzania 1973 Paris peace agreement ends war in Vietnam for America 1975 Mozambique and Angola independent from Portugal Decolonization Map Yalta Conference, February 1945 Churchill (UK), Roosevelt (US), Stalin (USSR) Results of the Yalta Conference, February 1945 1. 2. 3. 4. Stalin promises democratic government in Poland Germany provisionally divided into spheres of influence The USSR agreed to fight against Japan The USSR agreed to join the United Nations Why did Roosevelt compromise with Stalin at Yalta? • • • • • Roosevelt wanted Russian participation in the war, particularly on the Pacific front Russia occupies half of Europe and will not move Russian fear of invasion from the West Russian sacrifices in WW II - they bore the brunt of German attacks Stalin makes promises of democracy (quickly reneges) The Atomic Bomb • 1941-46: Manhattan Project devoted to developing atomic weapons for Allies • Truman viewed atomic bomb both as a means of ending the war with the Japanese and as a diplomatic tool in negotiating with the Soviets • August 6 and 9, 1945: bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Hiroshima: 5 square miles burned and nearly 80,000 people burned to death; tens of thousands die from injuries • Nagasaki: not as accurate because of poor visibility; 1,5 square miles destroyed, 35,000 killed instantly, 60,000 injured • Japan agreed to surrender The Trinity Test, Alamagordo, New Mexico, July 16, 1945, 5:30 AM Hiroshima, Japan, after the dropping of the bomb, August 6, 1945 President Harry Truman announces the Hiroshima bombing Announcer: Good evening from the White House in Washington. Ladies and gentlemen the President of the United States. Harry S. Truman: My fellow Americans, the British, Chinese and United States governments have given the Japanese people adequate warning of what is in store for them. The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries and unfortunately thousands of civilian lives will be lost. I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately and save themselves from destruction. Was the dropping of the bomb necessary? Yes: • necessary to force Japanese surrender • saved millions of American lives • No: • Japanese may have been ready to surrender anyway • Truman didn’t wait for the Russians to enter the fight which would have ended the fighting • Truman true purpose was to intimidate the Russians • Too horrific; destroyed thousands of civilian Japanese lives • Potsdam Conference, July-August 1945 Postdam Conference, July-August 1945 • Follows surrender of Germany in May 1945 • Germany and Austria divided into four occupation zones • Recognition of Soviet-controlled government in Poland Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, March 1946 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.” Soviet Threat to the World Ideologies and First Steps of the Cold War • 1947 Great Britain can no longer provide military and financial aid to Greece (under threat of communist rebellion) and Turkey (pressured by the Soviet Union for control of the straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterannean) • Truman Doctrine: US would support free peoples threatened by outside power • George Kennan: policy of containment toward Soviet Union • The Marshall Plan • Korean War • National Security Council (NSC), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • Military-Industrial Complex George Kennan’s “strategy of containment,” 1946-1947 [The Soviet Union’s] main concern is to make sure that it has filled every nook and cranny available to it in the basin of world power. These considerations make Soviet diplomacy at once easier and more difficult to deal with than the diplomacy of individual aggressive leaders like Napoleon and Hitler. On the one hand it is more sensitive to contrary force, more ready to yield on individual sectors of the diplomatic front when that force is felt to be too strong, and thus more rational in the logic of rhetoric of power. On the other hand it cannot be easily defeated or discouraged by a single victory on the part of its opponents. And the patient persistence by which it is animated means that it can be effectively countered not by sporadic acts which represent the momentary whims of democratic opinion but only by intelligent long-range policies on the part of Russia's adversaries -- policies no less steady in their purpose, and no less variegated and resourceful in their application, than those of the Soviet Union itself. In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. George Kennan’s arguments Evidence: “… ideological concepts: … (b) that the capitalist system of production is a nefarious one which inevitably leads to the exploitation of the working class by the capital-owning class…” (true) “the Communists represented only a tiny minority of the Russian people.” (false) “… the stress laid in Moscow on the menace confronting Soviet society from the world outside its borders is founded not in the realities of foreign antagonism but in the necessity of explaining away the maintenance of dictatorial authority at home.” (false) “Stalin, and those whom he led in the struggle for succession to Lenin’s position of leadership, were not the men to tolerate rival political forces in the sphere of power which they coveted… In 1924 Stalin specifically defended the retention of the ‘organs of suppression,’ meaning, among others, the army and the secret police.” (true) Rhetoric: “Their particular brand of fanaticism, unmodified by any of the Anglo-Saxon traditions of compromise, was too fierce and too jealous to envisage any permanent sharing of power. From the Russian-Asiatic world out of which they had emerged they carried with them a skepticism as to the possibilities of permanent and peaceful coexistence of rival forces.” Harry Truman address, joint session of Congress, March 12, 1947 At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Dollar Gap Crisis • 1947: Europe faced $12 billion trade deficit with US • US plant to rebuilt European economy through American aid The Marshall Plan • 1947: Reconstruction plan laid out for western Europe—US spent $13 billion on economic assistance for countries that joined the Organization for European Economic Cooperation • 1948: Soviet blockade and Berlin and Airlift • Extremely successful: by the 1950s production in Western Europe exceeded prewar levels; Japan recovered and had a stable democratic government • General Douglas MacArthur “supreme commander in Japan until 1948 in charge of implementation • But part of the strategy of containment - used to discredit the power of communist parties in Italy and France Cold War Europe, 1956 Berlin Airlift, June 1948-May 1949 • US, Britain, and France introduced separate currency in their Zones in Berlin • The Soviets cut road and rail traffic to the sectors • Airlift to supply fuel and food • Stalin lifted the blockade - major victory for Truman Berlin Airlift, June 1948-May 1949 Berlin Airlift, June 1948-May 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • • • • Signed on July, 1949 Long-term means of preventing Soviet expansion Ten nations promise to provide collective security Warsaw Pact, signed in May 1955 Cold War Europe, 1956 Truman and the Military • 1949: victory of Communists (Mao) against Nationalists (Kuomintang) in China • Soviets tested atomic bomb in Pacific • April 15, 1950: Truman approved NSC-68 (National Security Council Report 68)—characterized USSR as expansionist power bent on world domination, US needed to protect free peoples against Soviet aggression • Likely price tag of $30-50 billion/yr. Korean War, 1950-53 • Korea was occupied by Japan during the War • The Soviets ousted the Japanese • Divided into Soviet North and capitalist South in 1945 at 38th parallel • 1950: North Korean invaded South Korea, encouraged by Soviets • US secured UN resolution to intervene in Korea—Truman committed troops to Korea—viewed war as necessary stand against Soviet aggression • War ended in 1953, boundary preserved, with over 100,000 American casualties Korean War, 1950-1953 General Douglas MacArthur On April 11, 1951 MacArthur was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman for publicly disagreeing with Truman's Korean War Policy: advocating direct military conflict with China. US News about Korean War M*A*S*H - TV series about the Korean War The Real MASH in Korean War Military-Industrial Complex • Military budget ranged from $30 billion to $53 billion in 1950s • 1929: military spending accounted for less than 1% of GNP—increased to 20% by 1960s • 1970: Pentagon had more assets than nation’s top 75 companies