Download Imperialism - Ector County ISD

Internment of Japanese
Americans
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One tragic consequence of the Pearl Harbor attack was a virulent
anti-Japanese sentiment and the fear that the Japanese might act
as saboteurs for Japan in case of invasion.
During World War II over 114,000 Japanese Americans were
taken from their homes and forced to live in one of ten internment
camps which were specifically constructed for this purpose. The
camps were in Arizona, Colorado, California, Arkansas, Wyoming,
and Utah. About two-thirds of the camp residents were firstgeneration Americans: about one-third were resident aliens, many
of whom had lived in the United States for years but had been
denied the right to apply for citizenship.
Residents of the camps were permitted to take into the camps
only what they could carry. Other personal property had to be
sold or put in storage. Property that was sold was usually sold for
a fraction of its worth. Possessions in storage often were stolen
or vandalized. Millions of dollars of private property were lost.
Violation of Civil Liberties
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Executive Order No. 9066 (1942)
– Order of FDR authorizing War
Department to remove Japanese
“enemy aliens” to isolated
internment camps.
Korematsu v. United States
World War II Battles
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2 “Theaters” of War (where the
action is): European Theater
and Pacific Theater
General Strategy
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The U.S. decided to concentrate on Europe first
because we believed that Germany was the
greatest threat, while holding off Japan
Hemispheric strategy: during WWII the U.S.
continued FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy” (1933)
to develop a Western Hemisphere common front
against fascism
Japanese Expansion
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After Pearl Harbor, Japan pounded American
military bases in the Philippines, taking over the
capital city of Manila in Jan. 1942 and
overwhelming the American and Filipino
defenders at Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor
Island in April and May, 1942. On the “Bataan
Death March,” thousands of POWs died, many
due to torture from the Japanese. General
Douglas MacArthur promised,
“I shall return!”
This poster came out after the Bataan Death
March to protest Japanese brutality.
Japanese Expansion (cont.)
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Next, the Japanese took the U.S. Pacific
islands of Wake and Guam.
By mid-1942, the Japanese had taken
over most lands and islands of the
western Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia.
Their empire measured 5,000 miles from
north to south and 6,000 miles from east
to west.
Doolittle’s Raid (1942)
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Was the first U.S. air attack against Japan
in retaliation for Pearl Harbor
Led by Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle, the
Americans bombed Japanese cities
Did little physical damage, but inflicted
psychological damage
Battle of the Coral Sea
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May 1942 off the northeast coast of
Australia
Allies succeeded in stopping the
Japanese drive toward Australia in
this 5-day battle
First naval battle in history where all
the fighting was done by carrierbased aircraft
Battle of the Coral Sea
Aircraft Carriers in WWII
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Aircraft carriers were new to WWII and changed
naval warfare, since now airplanes could take off
from ships and bomb enemy ships
Airplanes taking off from aircraft carriers could
also engage the enemy in the skies above the
oceans and bomb island bases
Picture: USS Essex at Okinawa in 1945
Battle of Midway / June 1942
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Called Midway because Midway Island is located
about halfway between North America & Asia
U.S. advantage: we had broken the secret
Japanese naval radio code and knew an attack
was coming
Was the turning point of the war in the Pacific
U.S. commander: Admiral Chester Nimitz
Battle of Midway (cont.)
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Main reasons Japan attacked Midway: it was a
threat because it had the closest American naval
& air base close to Japan, and if Japan captured
Midway’s base, it could launch assaults on Hawaii
1st Japanese goal: sought to eliminate the U.S.
as a strategic power in the Pacific, thereby giving
Japan a free hand in establishing its “Great East
Asia Prosperity Sphere”
2nd Japanese goal: intended to occupy Midway as
part of an overall plan to extend their defensive
perimeter in response to the Doolittle Raid
Battle of Midway (cont.)
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Japanese plan: to lure the U.S. aircraft carriers
into a trap
Plan didn’t work because the U.S. had broken the
Japanese code, enabling the forewarned U.S.
Navy to set up an ambush of its own
Picture: U.S. cryptologists (mostly women!)
Battle of Midway (cont.)
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The U.S. sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and
many other ships, crippling Japan’s navy
Japan also lost hundreds of airplanes
Ended Japan’s threat to Hawaii
After Midway, and the exhausting attrition of the
Soloman Islands campaign, Japan’s shipbuilding
and pilot training programs were unable to keep
pace in replacing their losses while the U.S.
steadily increased its output in both areas
The Allied counteroffensive started after Midway,
far earlier than Japanese military planners had
expected
Battle of Midway Pictures
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USS Yorktown
Battle of Guadalcanal in the Soloman Islands
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Very long: Aug. 1942 to Feb. 1943
First Allied offensive in the Pacific and first land
battle ag. the Japanese / started “island hopping”
Japanese needed to be run off because they
threatened Australia from this island
U.S. soldiers learned how fanatical the Japanese
soldiers were
Soldiers faced jungle rot and leeches
Strategy of Island Hopping
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Was the main American strategy in the Pacific
Was used to defeat the Japanese
Idea = start in the South Pacific and take over
certain islands to get closer and closer to Japan
Strategy to bypass heavily fortified Japanese
positions and instead concentrate the limited
Allied resources on strategically important islands
that were not as well defended but were capable
of supporting the drive to Japan
Island Hopping (cont.)
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This strategy was possible in part because
the Allies used naval and air attacks to
blockade and isolate the bypassed
Japanese bases, weakening their garrisons
and reducing the Japanese ability to
resupply them; in MacArthur’s words, the
troops on the bypassed islands would
“wither on the vine,” or be useless to the
Japanese
Geographical Problems of Fighting in the
Pacific Theater
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Naval battles were fought over the flow of
supplies
U.S. faced many difficulties in delivering
weapons, food, & medical supplies to troops
Main ways we accomplished this: a strong
navy and the quick building of bases on newly
conquered islands, complete with port facilities
and airfields
Allied Advancement Toward Japan
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The Allies won victories in the Soloman,
Gilbert, Marshall, and Mariana Islands.
From strategic bases such as Saipan in the
Mariana Islands, the Allies launched longrange bombing missions against Japan.
General MacArthur followed through on his
earlier promise and liberated the
Philippines in Oct. 1944; the largest
battle for the Philippines was the Battle of
Leyte Gulf (a naval fight).
Battle of Leyte Gulf (the Philippines)
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In a series of engagements in and around
the Leyte Gulf in Oct. 1944, the Japanese
navy was crippled
Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers, 3
battleships, and many other ships
First time the Japanese used the
kamikaze (“divine wind”), planes
packed with explosives and flown by pilots
who were trained to crash them into
enemy ships
Battle of Iwo Jima / Feb.-March, 1945
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Iwo Jima means “Sulfur Island”
A small, smelly, gray, volcanic island
Iwo Jima, along with Okinawa, had been held by
Japan for centuries, and these 2 islands were the
closest to the Japanese home islands
Strategic reason Allies wanted Iwo Jima: heavy
bombers had been bombing Japanese cities from
Saipan, & taking over the much-closer Iwo Jima
meant fighters could accompany the bombers
Strong Japanese defenses: 21,000 soldiers and
many pillboxes and gun emplacements connected
by underground passages; Japanese soldiers hid
in tunnels and caves
Iwo Jima (cont.)
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Naval and air bombardments preceded the
landing
A few days after landing Mount Suribachi was
captured, the highest point on the island, and the
flag raising there became the most famous
photograph of the war
More than 6,000 Marines died, and almost all of
the 21,000 Japanese defenders
2 Atomic Bombs Ended the War
The Manhattan Project: Developing the A-Bomb
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Reason for name: originally based in NY
Run by the Army and by scientists
employed by the government
FDR agreed to the secret research after
being told in 1939 by Albert Einstein &
others that the Germans were conducting
atomic research
Manhattan Project (cont.)
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Research and production took place at
many sites
2 of the most important were Oak Ridge,
Tenn., and Los Alamos, New Mexico
Los Alamos: established in 1942;
scientists carried out their work in
secrecy, with military police patrolling the
town
First atomic bomb detonated near
Alamogordo, New Mexico, in the desert
Trinity Site in New Mexico:
Testing of First Atomic Bomb
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J. Robert Oppenheimer with Major
Leslie Groves
FDR’s death
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President Roosevelt died suddenly of a
cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945
Truman’s Decision to Drop the Bombs
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President Harry Truman was informed
about the bombs soon after FDR’s death
Within several months had to make the
decision to drop the bombs
Reasons for decision: to save the
estimated 1 million Allied soldiers who
would die during an invasion of Japan, to
end the war faster, and to force the
Japanese to surrender unconditionally and
give up their empire
Hiroshima / Aug. 6, 1945
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Colonel Paul Tibbets, flying the B-29
bomber Enola Gay, dropped the atomic
bomb on Hiroshima
A huge mushroom cloud arose
Most of Hiroshima was destroyed and
between 80,000-100,000 died instantly
Radiation poisoning killed thousands later
Hiroshima
Nagasaki / Aug. 9, 1945
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The Japanese refused to surrender
after Hiroshima, so 3 days later,
another bomb was dropped
The original target was the city of
Kokura, but due to bad weather
Nagasaki was bombed instead
Both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were
industrial centers with mid-sized
populations
Japan’s surrender
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Japan’s emperor Hirohito urged the Japanese
generals to surrender after the atomic bombings
Japan surrendered on Aug. 15, 1945, with the
official surrender ceremony taking place on Sept.
2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay
(V-J Day, or Victory over Japan Day)
War Plans (FDR & Churchill)
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In the ABC-1 AGREEMENT with
Britain, the US adopted the strategy
of “getting Germany first.”
If Germany was knocked out first,
the combined Allied forces could be
concentrated on Japan.
Just enough American strength
would be sent to the Pacific to
prevent Japan from digging in too
deeply.
European Theater of War
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Primary difficulty the U.S. faced in the first several years of
WWII in delivering weapons and other supplies to troops in
the European
Theater of war = German subs sank Allied shipping
Allies won this “Battle of the Atlantic” with convoys, radar,
and sonar
Soviets bore the brunt of fighting against Germany
Leningrad: (St. Petersburg) was besieged by the Germans
for about 900 days (Sept. 1941 to Jan. 1944)---about ½
million Russian civilians died
Stalingrad: Nazis attempted to take over, but instead lost
due to the Russian winter & the Russians trapped them in
the city
North Africa Campaign
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The Allies invaded North Africa in 1942 to
protect the Suez Canal, Britain’s lifeline to
India
Jeeps were first used on the sand in North
Africa
Allies won in North Africa
Italian Campaign
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After taking Sicily, Allied troops landed in southern Italy
Stunned by their army’s collapse in Sicily, the Italian people
forced the dictator Mussolini to resign, and he was placed
under arrest
Hitler was determined to stop the Allies in Italy rather than
Germany
German armies occupied much of Italy for the rest of the
war, fiercely opposing Allied landings on Italy’s west coast
(for example, “Bloody Anzio” in 1944)
The most difficult fighting in Europe in 1943 for the
Americans occurred in Italy
The effort to free Italy did not succeed until 1945, when
Germany was close to collapse
Mussolini was assassinated by Italians in 1945
Fighting in the Soviet Union
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Battle of Stalingrad (Aug. 1942 to Jan.
1943): Germans lost a huge army to the
Russian winter and as Russian POWs
The Soviets bore the brunt of fighting
Hitler’s armies for much of the war, which
embittered Stalin and contributed to the
upcoming Cold War
Background of D-Day
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Since the Allies couldn’t get into Germany from
Italy, it was decided to invade Nazi-occupied
France to reach Germany
Became the plan in 1944 (“Operation Overlord”)
The Allies gathered vast amounts of men and
weapons in England
General Dwight D. Eisenhower = the Supreme
Allied Commander in charge of D-Day
D-Day / Invasion of Normandy
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D-Day occurred on June 6, 1944
Allied troops (American, English, & Canadian)
crossed the English Channel and landed on the
beaches of Normandy in northern France
(Omaha, Utah, Juno, Gold, and Sword)
Troops met stiff resistance from the Germans,
especially on Omaha Beach
Casualties would have been worse if the Allies
had not succeeded in faking out Hitler, who
believed the attack was coming further north at
Calais and had many troops stationed there
D-Day
After D-Day / Liberation of Paris
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After 5 days of fighting, the Allies held a strip of
France 80 miles long
Less than 3 weeks later, 1 million men were
ashore and moving steadily inland
Free French Resistance Movement helped the
Allies liberate Paris from Nazi control- Aug. 1944
Generals Patton and Bradley
Race Across Europe
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General George Patton, a flamboyant tank
general, liberated Paris and then raced across
Europe into Germany with his 3rd Army (Patton
was eccentric and believed he was a great
general due to multiple reincarnations)
General Omar Bradley, called the “soldier’s
general,” charged toward Germany as head of
the 12th Army Group
Pictures: Patton on left, Bradley on right
Battle of the Bulge (Belgium,
Dec. 1944--Jan. 1945)
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Was Hitler’s last offensive in the Ardennes
Forest of Belgium
Goal: to drive a wedge between the Allies forces
in the Low Countries and those in France, and
eventually to capture the port city of Antwerp,
which provided supplies to the Allies
Name comes from the German tank division that
drove 60 miles into Allies territory, creating a
bulge in the front lines
Some American soldiers were trapped, but the
arrival of General Patton’s Third Army stopped
Hitler’s final offensive
Battle of the Bulge
Germany and War on 2 Fronts
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Hitler now faced the old German
nightmare---war on two fronts
The Soviet Army, five million strong,
advanced against Germany from the
east
The U.S. and British armies were
sweeping across the Rhine River into
Germany from the east
Eisenhower’s Order to Halt at the Elbe River
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Eisenhower decided that the U.S.-British advance
would concentrate on western Germany, so he
ordered them to halt at the Elbe River
This meant the Soviet Army would have the
honor of taking over Berlin, the German capital
General Bernard Montgomery, Britain’s main
general, strongly disagreed with this decision
Eisenhower’s refusal to take Berlin remains
controversial & caused major Cold War problems
In April Soviet and U.S. soldiers met at Torgau
Fall of Berlin / April-May, 1945
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In mid-April 1945 the Soviet Army began its
drive toward Berlin, and by the 21st had entered
the city limits
2 weeks of intensive street fighting followed
Hitler committed suicide in a bunker in Berlin on
April 30
Berlin surrendered on May 2
Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day)
May 8, 1945
Wartime Conferences
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Casablanca Conference, Jan. 1943
Cairo Conference, Nov. 22--26, 1943
Tehran Conference, Nov. 28—Dec. 1, 1943
Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945
Potsdam Conference, July 17—Aug. 2,
1945
Casablanca Conference
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Casablanca, Morocco, Jan. 1943
Attendees: FDR, Churchill, Charles de Gaulle
(leader of the Free French Movement)
The policy of the Allies to demand the
unconditional surrender of Germany and the
other Axis Powers was first decided here
Churchill wanted to move against Germany by
taking Sicily and the rest of Italy, to which FDR
agreed
Cairo Conference
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Cairo, Egypt, Nov. 22—26, 1943
Attendees: FDR, Churchill, Chiang Kai-shek of
China (Stalin refused to attend, since at the time
Japan and the Soviets had a peace pact)
Said the Allies would continue deploying military
force until Japan’s unconditional surrender and
Japan would be stripped of the islands and lands
it had taken over
Tehran Conference
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Tehran, Iran, Nov. 28—Dec. 1, 1943
Attendees: FDR, Churchill, Stalin
First of the wartime conferences between the
“Big 3” (U.S., Britain, Soviet Union)
Main outcome: the commitment to the opening
of a second front against Nazi Germany by the
Western Allies by May 1, 1944 (this became DDay---the Normandy invasion)
Yalta Conference
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Yalta, in Crimea in the Soviet Union, Feb. 1945
Attendees: FDR, Churchill, Stalin
Was held mainly to discuss re-establishment of war-torn European
nations
FDR was sick and frail, and was criticized for giving too much
leeway to Stalin (for example, the eastern European nations
would be “friendly” to the Soviet Union; Stalin promised to hold
free elections in Poland, but this never happened)
Stalin agreed that the Soviet Union would join the war against
Japan 3 months after the conclusion of the war against Germany
(in exchange for this, Stalin would be given spheres of influence in
parts of Asia)
Confirmed the policy adopted at Casablanca of demanding
Germany’s unconditional surrender
Potsdam Conference
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Potsdam, Germany (near Berlin)
July 17—Aug. 2, 1945
Attendees: “Big 3”: Harry Truman, Churchill, Clement
Attlee (Britain), Stalin (also Chinese Nationalist leader
Chiang Kai-shek)
Discussed post-war arrangements in Europe
Potsdam Declaration by Truman, Churchill, and Chiang Kaishek of China demanded the unconditional surrender of
Japan (the war in Europe was already over), or Japan
would face “prompt and utter destruction” (meaning
atomic bombing, although this was not known to the world)