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World War II By Joseph Enge A Fragile Peace 1922- Benito Mussolin becomes head of Italy's government November 1923- The "Beer Hall Putsch" 1924- While serving 9 months, out of a 5-year sentence, Hitler dictates Mein Kampf September 1931- Japan invades Manchuria "SA and SS, Heil! The great time has now begun. Germany is now awakened. We have won power in Germany. Now we must win over the German people. I know, my comrades, it must have been difficult at times, when you were desiring change which didn't come, so time and time again the appeal has to be made to continue the struggle - you mustn't act yourself, you must obey, you must give in, you must submit to this overwhelming need to obey." January 30, 1933- Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany February 27, 1933- Reichstag Fire 1933- Japan withdraws from the League of Nations 1935- Japan strengthens its fleet in contradiction to the Washington Treaty March 16, 1935- Hitler announces conscription and plans a 36 division, 500,000 men army October 1935- Italy invades Ethiopia March 7, 1936- Hitler sends his troops into the Rhineland July 1936 to March 1939- Spanish Civil War Fall 1936- The Rome-Berlin Axis is formed December 1937- Japanese sink the U.S.S. Panay, 2 Americans are killed March 1938- Germany annexes Austria "This land and this people does not come to the Reich with hat in hand. I myself lead you home." September 1938- Munich Agreement, German demands for the Sudetenland are met = Appeasement March 1939- Hitler seizes the rest of Czechoslovakia April 1939- Italy seizes Albania August 1939- Nazi- Soviet Pact or MolotovRibbentrop Pact Hitler and Stalin agree to split Eastern Europe The War Begins September 1, 1939- Germany invades Poland. The new concept of Blitzkrieg warfare is introduced. Poland falls in 3 weeks. September 17, 1939- Russia invades Eastern Poland. 15,000 of the captured Polish officers are slaughtered by Stalin's NKVD (KGB) in 1940, Katyn Forest Massacre. September & October, 1939- Soviet troops occupy Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Finland resists Stalin's demands. November 1939- The Soviet Union attacks Finland. Finland holds out at first, but outnumbered 5 to 1 they surrender in March. Finland keeps its independence, but gives up territory to Stalin. April 1940- Hitler conquers Denmark and Norway. 1/3 of the German surface fleet is sunk or heavily damaged in invading Norway. May 10, 1940- Winston Churchill replaces Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister May 10, 1940 - The Sitzkrieg or Phony War ends. Germany invades Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. June 4, 1940- The British evacuate the last of 340,000 troops from Dunkirk June 10, 1940 - The French government evacuates Paris. Italy declares war on France June 14, 1940- German troops enter Paris June 17, 1940- Stalin overthrows the governments in the Baltic States and installs communist puppet governments June 22, 1940- France surrenders in the same rail car and the same town as Germany had surrendered in 1918 June 29, 1940- Stalin invades Eastern Rumania July 1, 1940 - French Vichy government is set up July-September, 1940 Battle of Britain America Reacts May 1940- The U.S. Congress votes for $17 billion for defense June 1940- Congress passes the Alien Registration Act September 1940- America's first peace time draft The 50 destroyer deal between the U.S. and Britain March 1940- Lend- Lease Act July 1941- American troops join British troops in occupying Iceland, U.S. ships escort freighters as far as Iceland August 1941- Atlantic Charter, Roosevelt and Churchill pledge a statement of postwar aims September 1941- a U.S. destroyer engages a German submarine in combat Japan on the Move August 1940- Japan seizes French bases in northern Indochina September 1940- Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy Roosevelt declares an embargo against Japan, increases aid to China, and fortifies the Philippines & Guam July 1941- Japan occupies all of French Indochina The U.S. freezes all Japanese funds in U.S. banks November 1941- U.S.- Japanese Peace Talks The U.S. demands Japan pulls out of China Japan demands U.S. ends embargo and ends aid to China Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941- Japan launches a sneak attack against Pearl Harbor. They also attack Midway, Wake, Guam, the Philippines, Malaya, and Singapore. 150 U.S. planes and 2400 U.S. soldiers and civilians are killed in the Pearl Harbor attack. The bulk of the U.S. battleships are sunk or heavily damaged. Luckily, the U.S. carrier fleet was out at sea at the time, Japan's main target War in Europe October 28, 1940- Greece rejects Italy's demands for the use of Greek bases, Italy invades Greece December 1940- The Greeks break through the Italian defenses and overrun ¼ of Albania . The Greeks take 28,000 Italian prisoners. Hitler has to come to Mussolini's aid and send troops to Greece. Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia agree to let German troops pass through their countries. A revolution in Yugoslavia forces Hitler to invade Yugoslavia in order to get to Greece April 1941- German troops pour into Yugoslavia and Greece. Both fall quickly, but Hitler's planned invasion of Russia is delayed a critical six weeks "Brothers and sisters: the German invasion continues. The German Army has taken Lithuania, a large part of Latvia, part of Byelorussia and part of the Ukraine. A great danger hangs over the nation." June 22, 1941- Hitler invades Russia with 3 million troops and reaches the suburbs of Moscow. December 1941- Russian winter offensive takes the pressure off of Moscow and inflicts heavy German casualties. German lack of preparedness for a long winter campaign leads to over 1 million men being lost by late March 1942 June 1942 - German summer offensive opens up in southern Russia August 22, 1942- The Germans start assault on Stalingrad the turning point of the war, see also Midway and El Alamein November 19, 1942- Soviet counter-attack in pincer drives begins. The German Sixth Army under General von Paulus at Stalingrad is surrounded January 1943- The German Sixth Army at Stalingrad surrenders in 3 months, the Germans lost 500,000 troops in winter fighting July 1943- Battle of Kursk, last major German offensive in the Eastern Front, is stopped. The largest tank battle in history. October to November 1942- Battle of El Alamein Rommel is defeated in Egypt by Montgomery's British Eighth Army November 8, 1942- Operation Torch, the U.S. forces land in North Africa and put the squeeze on Rommel May 1943- The last German position in Africa, Tunisia falls July 1943- The American and British forces invade Sicily, Mussolini falls from power Italy Surrenders October 1943Salerno Invasion, American and British forces invade southern Italy January 1944- Anzio, American forces try to outflank the Cassino Line and take Rome June 4, 1944- Rome falls June 6, 1944- Operation Overlord, The Normandy Invasion. The biggest naval invasion in history American and British forces land in France August 1944- Paris is taken by the Allies December 1944 to January 1945- The Battle of the Bulge. Hitler's last gamble and offensive of the war March 7, 1945- American forces cross the Rhine River at Remagen April 12, 1945- President Roosevelt dies, Harry Truman is sworn in as the new president April 25 1945American and Russian forces meet at Torgau April 30, 1945- Adolf Hitler and his new bride Eva commit suicide May 2, 1945- Russians take Berlin May 7, 1945- V.E. Day Germany surrenders to the Allies Campaign in the Pacific December 8, 1941- The U.S. declares war on Japan after their sneak attack at Pearl Harbor April 18, 1942- Colonel James Doolittle with 16 B-25 medium bombers raids Tokyo May 7, 1942- Battle of Coral Sea June 4 to 7, 1942- Battle of Midway The U.S. Navy heavily damages the superior numbered Japanese Imperial Fleet. The Japanese lose 4 aircraft carriers to our 1. The turning point of the war in the Pacific August 1942- American forces invade Guadalcanal July 1943- The start of the South Pacific offensive February 1944- American forces invade the Marshall Islands October 1944- The liberation of the Philippines and the last major naval action for the Japanese February Jima to March 1945- Invasion of Iwo April to June 1945Invasion of Okinawa 110,000 Japanese soldiers killed 12,600 American soldiers and sailors killed March to August 1945- Greatest air offensive in history. One raid on Tokyo on March 10 killed 100,000 and wounded 125,000 with 300 B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers July 16, 1945- The first atomic bomb is detonated at Los Alamos New Mexico August 6, 1945- The Superfortress Enola Gay drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 80,000 killed and as many wounded August 9, 1945- A second atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki 10,000 killed 120,000 wounded August 10, 1945- Japanese offer surrender September 2, 1945-The formal Japanese surrender ceremony is held in Tokyo harbor on the U.S.S. Missouri From September 1939 to September 1945 55 million people killed Atrocities 1939-1945 Hitler's Final Solution, Holocaust 12 million civilians from occupied European nations and from Germany itself are killed in Nazi concentration camps, 6 million are Jewish. 1/3 of the Jewish population of Europe is killed. 1941-1945 Japanese treatment of prisoners of war Of the 95,000 American, British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealanders captured, 28 percent die (27,000) from starvation diets, brutal hard work, and physical abuse. Bataan Death March- 650 Americans and between 5,000 to 10,000 Filipinos died during the march- many of them clubbed, bayoneted, or shot by Japanese guards 1941-1945 - German treatment of Russian prisoners The Germans captured 5.8 million Russian soldiers. 473,000 Russian POW's die in German care during the war; 20% of Russian soldiers who survive the German captivity are either executed or worked to death in the gulags by Stalin when they return home after the war. April 1940- 15,000 Polish prisoners are executed at Katyn Forest outside Smolensk by Stalin. 1941-1945- Russian treatment of German prisoners Of the estimated 3.5 million German soldiers captured by the Russians, 1.5 million did not survive. Of those who survive, many do not return to Germany until the 1950's. August to October 1944- Warsaw Uprising 200,000 Poles and Jew are killed in an uprising against the Germans Stalin urged them to revolt against the Germans as his troops approached the outskirts of Warsaw. Stalin then halted his army outside of Warsaw and let the Germans destroy the uprising in order to eliminate Polish resistance for his planned communist takeover of Poland. May 1945- Slaughter of Germans at Prague 30,000 Germans killed by Czech civilians, mostly women and children. German women were publicly raped, Achilles tendons cut, bound together with barbed wire and drowned in the river. Children were taken out of school to be drowned in horse troughs or shot. May 1945- Russian troops rape and pillage. An estimated 110,000 German women raped in Berlin alone.