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20
Century European History
Short & Long Questions
20th Century International Relations
Phase I
1919 – 1939
The Uneasy Peace
Phase II
1939 – 1945
World War II
Phase III
1945 – 1990
The Cold War
(SLIDES 3-36)
(Slides 37-61)
(Slides 62-74)
•Treaty of Versailles
•Weimar Republic
•Mussolini’s Italy
•Wall Street Crash
•Great Depression
•Rise of Extremism
•League of Nations
•Nazi Germany
•Appeasement
•Munich Conference
•Invasion of Poland
•Blitzkrieg
•The Phoney War
•Hitler’s Turns West
•The Maginot Line
•Fall of France
•Vichy France
•Operation Dynamo
•Operation Eagle (Battle of Britain)
•Operation Sealion
•Operation Barbarossa
•Battle of Stalingrad
•Pearl Harbour
•Final Solution
•Operation Overlord: D-Day
•The Battle of the Bulge
•The Manhattan Project
•Fall of Berlin
•The Holocaust
•Hiroshima & Nagasaki
•Divided Germany
•Europe Divided
•NATO & Warsaw Pact
•SuperPowers
•Operation Vittles: Berlin Blockade
•The Truman Doctrine
•The Korean War
•Sputnik I
•Yuri Gagarin
•NASA
•Cuban Missile Crisis
•The Vietnam War
•SALT
Rearmament
War Guilt Clause
Anschluss
Hyperinflation
Night of the Long Knives
Squadristi
Der Fuhrer
Kristallnacht
Reparations
Nuremberg Laws
Brownshirts (SA)
Acerbo Law
Phase I: 1919 – 1939
The Uneasy Peace
Lebensraum
Appeasement
Wall Street Crash
Herrenvolk
Il Duce
March on Rome
Propaganda
Fourteen Points
Battle for Grain
OVRA
Enabling Law
Great Depression
Weimar Republic
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Germany:
Article 231: ‘War Guilt Clause’
Whereby Germany accepted complete
responsibility for the war and the damage
it caused
• Lost Alsace-Lorraine to France &
Danzig to Poland (and all its
overseas colonies)
• Had to reparations of 6.6 billion
marks to France, Belgium &
Britain
• Army reduced to 100,000 men
• U-boats scrapped
• Surface navy reduced
War Guilt Clause (1919)
Article 231:
‘War Guilt Clause’
Whereby Germany accepted complete responsibility for the war and the damage it caused
This would become a item of contention & controversy in Germany from 1920 on, providing Hitler
& the Nazis with a reason to call the Weimar Republic a “nation founded in defeat” and a
means to attract German Nationalists to their extreme ideology.
’Dolchstoßlegende’: ‘Stab in the back’ myth
(Nazi accusation towards German politicians of 1918)
4 New Countries Created
after World War II
•
•
•
•
Austria
Hungary
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
One of President Wilson’s 14 Points
was that of ‘self-determination of small
nations’. This helped to break up old
empires and create many new small
nations throughout Europe.
March on Rome
(22nd – 29th October1922)
•
The Italian National Fascist Party
marched on Rome, demanding to be
made the new government of Italy
•
The Blackshirts (‘Squadristi’) led the
march on Rome
•
30,000 men took part in the march
•
The Italian King, fearing a civil war,
invited Mussolini and his party to form
a new government for Italy
•
Contrary to popular belief, Mussolini
did not take part in the march. Staged
photos were later taken
The Blackshirts
‘Squadristi’
• Italian Fascist Militia
• Strongly pro-nationalist
• Supported Mussolini & the
Italian Fascist Party
• Intimidated political
opponents
• Attacked Communist parties
& groups
Acerbo Law
(1923)
•A law passed in Italy in 1923
whereby the political party who
won the most seats would
automatically get 2/3 of the
seats in the Italian Parliament.
• Ostensibly introduced to
create strong, stable
governments, the law was in
fact introduced to give
Mussolini and the Italian
Fascists dominance over the
parliament.
Reasons Why Mussolini’s Party
Gained Support after 1919
• Many Italians felt that they should have received more land in
the Paris Peace Settlement and resented the little they received.
• Mussolini promised to crush communism and take on the
mafia gangs
• Italy was heavily in debt after the First World War and
Mussolini promised to bring strong, stable government to Italy
• Effective use of propaganda
OVRA
Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism
• Italian Secret Police in
Mussolini’s Italy
• Founded in 1927
• Leader: Arturo Bocchini
• Arrest, detain & torture
opponents of fascism in Italy
‘Battle for Grain’
•
Poor marshland was drained &
reclaimed for wheat production.
Government gave grants to farmers to
invest in machinery & fertiliser.
•
Tariffs placed on imported bread
•
Mussolini wanted to reduce Italy’s
balance of trade deficit (due to
imports). He wanted to make Italy as
self-sufficient as possible
•
Italy was almost entirely self-sufficient
in wheat production by 1940
Mussolini ‘working’ in the fields, bringing in
the harvest (Propaganda)
Weimar Germany
1919 - 1933
• Founded in the aftermath of the
abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
• City of Weimar was the capital of
the new republic.
• Gustav Streseman was the Prime
Minister of Weimar in 1923 and
Foreign Minister from 1924 –
1929.
• The Young Plan & Dawes Plan
(American loans) helped to
alleviate the financial burden on
Weimar, particularly reparations &
employment.
Threats to the Weimar Republic
(1919 – 1933)
•
Both Communist (KPD) and Fascist
(NSDAP) parties threatened the
stability of Weimar Germany.
•
Associated with defeat of World War
One, many Germans disliked the
Weimar Republic as being artificial
and weak.
•
Weimar suffered from depression &
hyperinflation from 1920 – 1923 due
to the enormous strain on its economy
from payment of the war reparations.
• Weimar Republic joined the
League of Nations in 1925 with
the signing of the Locarno Pact,
which declared that Germany
would respect the western borders
set out in the Treaty of Versailles.
Extremist Uprisings in
Weimar Republic
Communist
• Spartacist Uprising (1919)
•
Nationalist & Fascist
• Kapp Putsch - nationalist uprising
(1920)
• Beer Hall Putsch – Fascist (1923)
2 Reasons for Growth of Fascism in Europe after
World War One
Fear of Communism
Unstable Economies & High
Unemployment
• Most western countries were afraid
of communism spreading to their
countries after the Bolshevik
Revolution of 1917 in Russia.
• Many European countries suffered
greatly from the Wall Street Crash
and following Depression
throughout Europe.
• Because of this, many people
supported fascist parties as they
were seen to be strongly anticommunist
• In Germany, there were over 6
million workers unemployed by
the time Hitler & the Nazis took
power in 1933, promising to
eradicate unemployment
Wall Street Crash (1929)
•
4th October – 29th October 1929
•
Investors (up to 25,000,000) had invested
steadily in a growing American Stock
Exchange during the 1920s.
•
However, when rates began to drop,
people rushed to sell their shares and
caused the Stock Exchange to collapse
•
On 29th October – ‘Black Tuesday’ the
American Stock Exchange lost 30 Billion
Dollars worth of shares through hurried
sales. The event plunged USA into the
‘Great Depression’, which also affected all
of Western Europe
Lateran Treaty (1929)
The Treaty recognised:
• Catholic religion as the official
state religion, with the Church
being granted special authority
over education & marriage laws
• Also, the treaty meant that Italy
recognised the Vatican as an
independent city-state
Reasons Why Hitler &
Nazis Came to Power in
1933
• Resentment at the Treaty of
Versailles
• Failure of democratic
governments to deal with
economic crisis following the
Wall Street Crash
• Fear of communist groups
staging a revolution & taking
power in Germany
The Brownshirts (SA)
Germany
• Ernst Rohm (leader)
• Militia of ex German soldiers &
officers (WW1) that supported
Nazi party demonstrations &
speeches
• Strongly pro-nationalist & anticommunist
• Disrupted rival party gatherings
and clashed with communist
groups
Enabling Act (1933)
• Introduced in 1933 after the
Reichstag Fire, this law granted
Hitler the right to ‘rule by decree’
• This meant that Hitler could make
decisions and enact policies
without consulting the German
Parliament, in times of emergency
• In effect, it made him a dictator as
soon after this, all other political
parties were banned in Germany,
creating a totalitarian state.
Night of the Long Knives
( June 30th – July 2nd1934)
• Ernst Rohm & hundreds of
leading members of the
Brownshirts (SA) assassinated by
Nazis.
• The SA leadership was targeted by
Hitler as they refused to become
part of the German Army
(Wehrmacht)
• Hitler knew he needed the
support of the German High
Command, who refused to allow a
‘second’ private army operate in
Germany.
Nuremberg Laws (1935)
Under these laws, Jews ........
• Were forbidden from marrying
Germans (non-Jews)
• Lost their citizenship of Germany
(became ‘state subjects’)
• Could not hold public office or
own property
• Forced to wear the Star of David
Nuremberg Rallies
1927 - 1939
• Nazi
Party annual parades
of the Nazi Party and its
followers
• Organised by Albert
Speer
• Leni Riefenstahl made a
documentary based on the
1934 Rally: ‘Triumph of the
Will’
• Speeches, parades and
celebrations of National
Socialism
Hitler Youth &
League of German Maidens
Hitler Youth
League of German Maidens
Joseph Goebbels
& Propaganda
• Minister for Propaganda &
Popular Enlightenment
• Controlled the press, cinema and
all forms of media
• Launched the Nazi newspaper
‘Der Angriff’
Gestapo
• Nazi Germany’s secret
police
• Founded by Hermann
Goering (1933)
• Under Himmler’s (SS)
control from 1934 onwards.
SS - Schutzstaffel
• Heinrich Himmler (leader of SS
1929 – 1945)
• Paramilitary organisation who
absorbed the police and Gestapo
under its control. The most feared
& powerful organisation in the
Third Reich.
• Membership was based solely on
ability, obedience & physical &
mental excellence.
• Swore an oath to Hitler (daggers)
• Responsible for many of the
crimes against humanity (Jews) –
SS Einsatzgruppen (death squads)
Appeasement
The practise whereby European
leaders (& the League of Nations)
gave in to Hitler’s demands in the
hope that he would eventually stop
being aggressive militarily
Reasons:
Nobody in Europe wanted a
repeat of WWI (deaths)
Britain could not afford another
war in Europe
Hitler meets Chamberlain at the
Munich Conference (1938)
Munich Conference (1938)
“Peace in Our Times”
•
The Munich Conference of 1938 was convened to
attempt to prevent war in Europe.
•
Four European leaders attended:
Chamberlain (UK), Daladier (France), Hitler
(Germany) & Mussolini (Italy). No Czech
representative was invited.
•
At this conference, it was decided to allow
Germany to take control of the Sudetenland, where
3 million German speakers lived inside the border
of Czechoslovakia
•
Chamberlain returned to Britain, declaring that
they had secured “peace in our times”
Anschluss (1938)
• Union of Germany &
Austria
Hitler’s Foreign Policy Aims
• Destruction of The Treaty of Versailles:
• Grossdeutschland:
A unified country of all German-speaking people in Europe
• Anschluss:
Union of Germany & Austria
• Lebensraum:
‘living space in the East’ (whereby Germany would forcibly take
land from Slavic & Russian people to increase the living space
of Germany
Pact of Steel (1939)
Nazi-Soviet 10-Year Non-Aggression
Pact (1939)
Reasons why League of Nations failed
to prevent war in 1939
• The League of Nations had no
standing army to enforce its
decisions
• The League failed to stand up to
aggression by its members (Italy
invading Abyssinia)
• The USA never joined the League
of Nations
League of Nations
Manhattan Project
Blitzkrieg
Luftwaffe
Final Solution
RAF
Roosevelt
Battle of Britain
Operation Overlord
Operation Eagle
Operation Sealion
Atlantic Wall
Phase II: 1939 – 1945
World War II
Pearl Harbour
Holocaust
U-Boats
Battle of the Bulge
Vichy France
Desert Fox
Allies v. Axis
Operation Dynamo
Operation Barbarossa
Blitz
Stalin
Churchill
Maginot Line
Blitzkrieg
(‘lightning war’)
German Armies Invade Western Poland (1939)
Junkers Ju 87 ‘Stuka’
Highly-effective dive bomber used in ‘Blitzkrieg’ warfare, attacking
defensive positions and tanks
Maginot Line
• French defensive barrier located
along the boprder with Germany.
• Constructed after World War
One.
Evacuation of Dunkirk
‘Operation Dynamo’
300,000 British & French troops rescued by over 800 ships and pleasure craft
Fall of France (1940)
Vichy France
(1940 – 1944)
Operation Sealion
• Hitler’s plan to invade
Britain
•
•
•
Battle of Britain
Spitfire Mk IV
Messerschmitt Bf109
Radar
The ‘Blitz’
(October 1940 – April 1941)
Invasion of USSR - Operation Barbarossa
(June – October 1941)
Hitler invades Russia with over 3 million
men & 4,000 tanks, supported by the
Luftwaffe
3 Army groups invade:
Army Group North: Leningrad
Army Group Centre: Moscow
Army Group South: Stalingrad
Hitler’s target was the oil-rich region of
the Caucasus
Pearl Harbour
(7th December 1941)
Operation Overlord:
D-Day
(6th June 1944)
D-Day Landings:
Operation Overlord
(6th June 1944)
D-Day Landing Sites
D-Day Landings
Battle of the Bulge (1944)
• Last German counter-offensive in
the west attempting to stop the
Allied advance into Germany
(1944)
Fall of Berlin (1945)
The Manhattan Project
• The research &
development of the atomic
bomb in USA
• Led by Dr. Oppenheimer
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
6th & 9th August 1945
Oppenheimer
Final Solution
(1942 – 1945)
The Holocaust
By the end of WWII, after
the concentration &
extermination camps were
liberated throughout
occupied Europe, it was
estimated that over 6 million
Jews had been murdered as
part of ‘The Final Solution’;
the plan to eradicate all Jews
from Europe between 1942
& 1945.
NATO
Operation Vittles
Sputnik I
Hydrogen
Bomb
Korean War
Truman Doctrine
Satellite States
Berlin Wall
Berlin Blockade
Zones of Occupation
Iron Curtain
Fidel Castro
Phase III: 1945 – 1990
The Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis
NASA
Bay of Pigs
Containment
Marshall Plan
John F. Kennedy
Warsaw Pact
S.A.L.T.
38th Parallel
Yuri Gagarin
Tsar Bomba
Nikita Khruschev
Space Race
United Nations
Division of Europe post-1945
The ‘Iron Curtain’
Cold War
(1945 – 1990)
Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade
(1948 – 1949)
Berlin Blockade
Operation ‘Vittles’
• When Stalin closed all road and rail
access to West Berlin in response tot he
unification of West Germany, the
Western Allies responded with an
enormous airlift – Operation Vittles – to
supply West Berlin.
• The operation lasted from 1948 to 1949,
with a total of flights, before Stalin
relented and re-opened the roads and rail
access to West Berlin from West
Germany
The Korean War
(1950 – 1953)
Korean War (1950-53)
Cuban Missile Crisis
(1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis
‘Containment’
64 slides
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