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DEFINE AND MEMORIZE THE FOLLOWING TERMS AND THEIR MEANINGS: DEPRESSION, NEW DEAL, COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, DEFICIT SPENDING, SURREALISM, UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE, TOTALITARIAN STATE, FASCISM, COLLECTIVIZATION, NAZI, CONCENTRATION CAMP, ARYAN IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS AS THAT RELATE TO THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND WORLD WARS: FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, BENITO MUSSOLINI, FRANCISCO FRANCO, ADOLF HITLER THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS 1919-1939 THE UNITED STATES IN THE 1920SPROSPERITY AND DECLINE 1919-1929 Prosperity and Purchasing Power in the U.S. 1. Expansion of the auto industry 2. Expansion of construction 3. New consumer products Electrification of America Durable Products Non-durable products 4. Introduction of mass advertising America’s increasing literacy Proliferation of radios 5. Creation of new industries 6. Installment buying 7. Efficiency of production Transition from steam power to electric power Decrease in per-unit cost of manufactured items The Coming of the Great Depression 1. Poor Distribution of Income 1929 1% of U.S. pop. – 60% of nation’s wealth Low wages? Corporate profit? Corporate profits spent on speculative buying 2. Decline in auto production and construction 3. Technological unemployment Increased production but no pay increases 4. Weaknesses 8,000 in corporate structure businesses disappeared 5. Defects in the banking system 6. Agricultural depression overproduction 1919-1929 income for farmers decline inability to pay debts = foreclosures 7. Sick Industries 8. Textiles, coal, railroads Stock Market Crash bull market- prices are rising bear market- prices are falling marginal buying- 5-10% down on stock confidence lost * All of these factors contributed to a major loss in consumer purchasing power, facilitating low economic activity and rising unemployment (economic depression). THE RISE OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES IN EUROPE 1919-1939 KEY EVENTS Europe faced severe economic problems after World War I, including inflation and the Great Depression. Dictatorial regimes began to spread into Italy, Germany, and across eastern Europe. UNEASY PEACE & UNCERTAIN SECURITY The peace settlement at the end of World War I created repeated border disputes among new nations and left many Germans determined to change the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Though President Wilson and others hoped that the League of Nations could solve many of the new conflicts, the league was not able to maintain peace. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS? The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and could not become a member of the League of Nations. Americans affairs. did not want to be involved in European The remaining league members could not agree to use force against aggression. The French demanded that the Treaty of Versailles be strictly enforced. Germany’s inability to pay back the $33 billion that was required. French occupation of the Ruhr Valley GERMANY AFTER THE WAR People suffered under the high inflation. Economic problems resulted in political unrest in Germany. The Dawes Plan began by reducing reparation payments and coordinating Germany’s payments with what the nation could afford. $200 million loan American investments economic recovery 1924-1929. As Germany began to recover, the French and Germans became more cooperative. Treaty of Locarno, 1925 German membership in the League of Nations, 1926 Kellogg-Briand Pact While Germany had been forced to reduce its military, no other European nation was willing to take this step. THE GREAT DEPRESSION The brief period of European prosperity ended in 1929 with the onset of the Great Depression. During a depression there is very low economic activity and high unemployment. Two Main Causes for the Great Depression: • Economic failures during the second half of the 1920s. • The collapse of the U.S. stock market in 1929. Since 1924, Germany had been borrowing money from U.S. banks to make reparations payments. After the stock market crashed, American investors pulled their money out of Germany. Responses to the Depression Governments the crisis. did not know how to deal with The Depression increased government activity in the economy. It drove new energy into Marxist doctrines. The Great Depression created conditions which led people to follow political leaders who proposed simple solutions in return for complete power. POST-WWI DEMOCRATIC STATES The • Weimar Republic (Germany) Created in 1918 France Great Britain United States THE UNITED STATES Woodrow Wilson’s League of Nations The United States came out of the war in better condition than its allies. No battles on American soil Fewer casualties than its allies The war and U.S. economy Republican opposition in the House and Senate The U.S. economy remained strong until 1929 Debtor to Creditor status 1920s prosperity and production in the U.S. Stock Market Speculation Stock Market Crash Tuesday, October 29, 1929 Business and bank failures Drop in sales and production Wages fell and workers were cut Massive unemployment By 1933, ¼ of nation’s workforce unemployed Dawes Plan President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932, elected on the promised that he would provide a “new deal” for the American people. First Hundred Days Restored the nation’s confidence GREAT BRITAIN Britain’s loss of economic status Britain lost its status in world trade British colonies Creditor to Debtor status U.S. and Japan Britain’s factories were outdated U.S. and Japan 1926 General Strike 1932 ¼ of British were unemployed FRANCE After the war, France was in worse shape than Britain Loss of farmland and forests Destruction of villages and cities Tremendous casualties Severe Economic Problems High unemployment and inflation Government on the verge of bankruptcy Inability to rebuild economic infrastructure Bleak Political Picture Desire to prevent another war Locarno Agreements (1925) Maginot Line FASCIST DICTATORSHIP IN EUROPE Benito Italy Adolf Mussolini and the Fascist Party in Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany FASCISM IN ITALY Post-war Dissatisfaction Empty Allied promises Economic Problems High debts incurred during the war Few jobs for returning soldiers Lack of industrial resources No markets for products Benito Mussolini b. 1883 Working-class background Worked as a journalist Formed the Fascist Party (Fasci di Combattimento) in 1919 Fascism- political philosophy that advocates glorification of the state, a single-party system, and an aggressive form of nationalism. Totalitarian- of or relating to a political regime based on subjugation of the individual to the state and strict control of all aspects of the life and productive capacity of the nation (often by coercive means such as censorship and terrorism) Fascism was a totalitarian form of government. The state had absolute power Defended private property and class structure The cause of the nation was most important War and conquest were considered essential to achieving nationalistic goals Mussolini’s rise to power Steady degradation of Italy’s economy after the war Widespread social unrest throughout Italy (urban and rural) Middle-class worries? Mussolini offered reforms to appease all groups Mussolini’s promises To landowners and the middle-class he promised to end social unrest and protect private property. To workers he promised full employment and workers benefits. To nationalists he promised to restore Italy to its former greatness. Fascism was a major force in Italy by 1921 The Blackshirts were Mussolini’s followers; they used violence to deter political opponents and promote the Fascist Party’s policies In 1922, the Fascists invaded Rome King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Dictatorship- a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in a dictator (one enjoying complete autocratic control) of a small regime. Dictatorship in Italy The end to democratic rule in Italy 1924 Elections Mussolini (Il Duce) Government reorganization Banned non-fascist parties Formed syndicates Fascist Opposition and Support “The masses must obey. They cannot afford to waste time searching for the truth.” Mussolini and Italy Reduced Italian unemployment through a military rebuilding program Renewed Italian spirit of nationalism and patriotism Vowed to recapture for Italy the former glory of ancient Rome NAZI GERMANY The Weimar Republic Germany elected delegates to a national assembly in 1919 The assembly drafted a constitution that provided for a democratic republic The republic was called the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) Opposition to the newly formed republic? Reparations and the Treaty of Versailles France and Great Britain demanded payment Allied bill for the cost of the war- $35 billion Economic problems in Germany. In 1922, Germany announced that it could not pay. French occupation of Germany’s Ruhr Valley (1923) German workers went on strike (paid by government) How did Germany’s government (the Weimar Republic) plan to meet its growing expenses? Inflation (printing large quantities of money) 1914, $1 U.S. Dollar = 4 German Marks 1924, $1 U.S. Dollar = 4 trillion German Marks Dawes Plan (1924) Compromise with Allies that eased Germany’s reparations payments American loans ushered in a 5-year period of relative prosperity ( but also created a German economy dependant on foreign markets) Nevertheless, discontent still loomed overhead. THE GERMAN PEOPLE AND THE NAZIS 1. What problems did your person face during the 1920s and 1930s in Germany? What sort of regime or governmental system would seem most likely to solve his or her immediate problem? Herman Struts Karin Hauptmann Eric von Ronheim Karl Schmidt Lotte von Kohler Wilhelm Schultz Gerda Munchen 2. What problems did the Weimar Republic face? How might these problems have aided the rise of Hitler? The Rise of Nazism Adolf The The National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or Nazi Party Hitler b. 1889 in Austria Early life of Hitler Veteran of the First World War Moved to Munich, Germany, after the war and joined in what became the Nazi Party Formed the Brownshirts (Storm Troopers or SA) Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 8-9, 1923) Radical Revolution Munich, Germany “The Revolution has begun!” The coup failed but brought attention to the Nazis Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison but served only nine months Mein Kampf Denied Germany’s fault in losing the war Declared the Germans to be a “master race” (Aryans) with a destiny to dominate and rule the world Hitler as leader of a unified Germany After the unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch Hitler sought the achieve revolution through legal means (gaining Nazi votes in the Reichstag) Resurge in Nazi popularity in 1929 1932, Nazi Party gained a majority of votes in the Reichstag January, 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler his chancellor (reluctantly) The Nazis and Hitler began to rise to power through legal means Hitler’s The Rise to Power Hitler desired Germany to become a totalitarian state Hitler called a new election The Burning of the Reichstag Building (blamed on the Communists) 1933 Election Jews Jews in Germany suffered bitter attacks Nuremberg Laws, September 15, 1935 Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938 Concentration Camps Hitler as Dictator (Der Führer) The Third Reich Germany’s rearmament The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were ignored German factories began to manufacture guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks and other weapons The press was used (propaganda) to retain support for the Nazi cause Propaganda emphasized a strong military and devotion to the nation and its leader
