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Aggressors Invade Nations Chapter 16 Chapter 15 Sect. 4 WWII Remembering the Treaty of Versailles League of Nations An international peace organization was created: the League of Nations Territorial Losses: Germany-returns Alsace-Lorraine to France French border extended to west bank Rhine River Germany-surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific Alsace and Lorraine Regions Military Restrictions: Limits are set on the size of the German army Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material Germany forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air force War Guilt: Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany’s shoulders Germany forced to pay the Allies $33 billion in reparations over 30 years World in 1930s Britain, France, and the United States are the major democracies –Distracted by economic problems at home –Wanted to remain at peace Many nations hoped the League of Nations would maintain peace Fascism spreads in Europe The Great Depression Long-term causes World economies are connected Some countries have huge war debts from WWI Europe relies on American loans and investments. Prosperity is built on borrowed money. Wealth is unequally distributed. The Great Depression Immediate Causes U.S. stock market crashes Banks demand repayment of loans. Farms fail and factories close. Americans reduce foreign trade to protect economy. Americans stop loans to foreign countries. American banking system collapses. So, how is there a Worldwide Depression? Millions become unemployed worldwide. Businesses go bankrupt. Governments take emergency measures to protect economies. Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy. Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders. Worldwide Depression Long-term Effects take control of Germany. Fascists come to power in other countries. Democracies try social welfare programs. Japan expands in East Asia. Nazis World War II breaks out. Japan 1920s-government became more democratic 1922-Japan signs a treaty with China to respect borders 1928- Japan signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war 1929- Depression strikes Japan as well and many Japanese blamed the government *Military leaders soon gain control but unlike European fascists they didn’t try to create a new government but restore traditional control. The militarists made the emperor, Hirohito, the symbol of state power. Like Hitler and Mussolini, Japan’s militarists wanted to solve problems through territorial gains. They placed a Pacific Empire which included conquering China. Japan invades Manchuria Manchuria – rich in iron and coal -northeast province of china 1931 – Japanese army seizes Manchuria *Attack is the first direct challenge to the League of Nations The Leagues’ Response to Manchuria Invasion As of 1930s, the League of Nation included all major democracies except the United States. The League also included three great threats to peace: Germany, Japan, and Italy. When Japan seized Manchuria, many League members protested. Japan ignored protests and left the League in 1933. Japan Invades China 1937-Beijing and the other northern cities including the capital of China, Nanjing (formerly known as Nanking) fell to the Japanese. China’s forces were led by Jiang Jieshi-no match for Japanese. Japanese troops killed tens of thousands of captured soldiers and civilians in Nanjing. *Rape of Nanking The Rape of Nanking The Nanking Massacre aka The Rape of Nanking December 1937-January 1938: mass executions of unarmed Chinese civilians by invading Japanese soldiers Estimates place the number of those murdered around 300,000 with another 80,000 raped or tortured including women and children It is believed that Japan’s military had been trained to carry out the killings and atrocities in order to make an example out of Nanking to the rest of China. Japan never acknowledged its crimes committed at Nanking. After WWII only a few of Japan’s military leaders were ever tried and found guilty of war crimes related to the taking of Nanking. Today, the massacre remains a deeply divisive event between the two nations and their people. Jieshi was forced to retreat and he set up a new capital in Chonqing. At the same time, Chinese guerillas led by China’s Communist leader Mao Zedong continued to fight the Japanese in the conquered area. European Aggressors Because the League of Nation failed to respond to Japan’s advances, European fascists planned aggressions of their own. Example: Italy’s Mussolini had wanted to build a colonial empire in Africa like the French and British. And so, Italy attacks Ethiopia (one of the independent nations left in Africa). Ethiopia had earlier resisted an Italian attack in the 1890s, however, they were no match for Italy’s advanced weaponry (as compared to their spears and swords) when an invasion was launched in 1935. Hitler defies the Versailles Treaty The treaty limited the size of Germany’s army. *March 1935, Hitler announces that Germany would not obey these restrictions—the League mildly scolds Germany. 2. The treaty forbid German troops to enter a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine River. (aka Rhineland serves as buffer between Germany and France— industrial area) *March 7, 1936, German troops moved into the Rhineland. 1. How did Britain and France Respond? French did not want to risk war. Britain urged appeasement (giving into an aggressor to keep peace. This Rhineland reoccupation was a turning point for two reasons: 1. Strengthened Hitler’s power and prestige within Germany 2. The balance of power was in Germany’s favor (France and Belgium open to an attack) Hitler’s growing strength encouraged Mussolini to seek an alliance with Germany. October 1936-the two dictators sign the Rome-Berlin Axis A month later-Germany makes an agreement with Japan *Germany, Italy and Japan become known as the Axis Powers Civil War Erupts in Spain Spain had been a monarchy until 1931 (republic declared) From 1936-1939 two sides fought for control over Spain: the nationalists and the loyalists The insurgent nationalists were aristocrats, military leaders, Roman Catholics, clergy, and members of a political group called the Falange Party. Nationalists were supported by Hitler and Mussolini. The loyalists were liberals, socialists, and communists. They were supported by Stalin. A number of non-Spanish idealists, who believed in saving the republic from fascist rebels joined the ranks of the loyalists. (Ernest Hemingway’s, For Whom the Bell Tolls, wrote about a young American man who took up arms in behalf of the loyalist effort) Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks… to help Franco’s forces called Nationalists The supporters of Spain’s elected government, the Republicans received little help from abroad Early 1939, Republican resistance collapsed, Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator. Guernica April 26, 1937 Franco’s German allies bombed the ancient Basque city of Guernica, Spain. Spanish artist, Pablo Picasso’s painting, Guernica captures the human horror of the event. Francisco Franco After the Nationalist victory, Franco declares himself military chief. He referred to himself as Generalissimo which means “commander in chief.” Initially his reign was harsh. This included executions of 200,000 Spaniards between 1939-1943. He sympathized with the Axis countries but did not enter World War II He ruled Spain until his death in 1975. Two years before he died he stepped down as head of state but maintained his title generalissimo. He named his successor Prince Juan Carlos. When Franco died, Juan Carlos I became the first Spanish monarch to control Spain since his grandfather King Alfonso XIII was deposed of in 1931. Where was everybody else during these Fascist aggressions in the 1930s? Britain and France made concessions hoping to keep peace Why? 1. Both nations were struggling economically as a result of the Great Depression. 2. The horrors of WWI were remembered and so a deep desire to avoid another war was felt. What is the U.S. doing during this time? Many Americans supported isolationism. Isolationism: the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided Entry into WWI was felt to have been a costly error In 1935- Congress passes three Neutrality Acts which ban loans and the sale of arms to nations at war The German Reich Expands November 5, 1937- Hitler announces plans to his advisors to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich (German Empire) The Treaty of Versailles prohibited Anschluss or a union between Austria and Germany. Why? March 1938- Hitler sends his army into Austria and annexes it France and Britain ignore their pledge to protect Austrian independence. Hitler next turns too… Czechoslovakia, about three million Germanpeople lived in the western border regions of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland. This area, heavily fortified, was the Czech’s main defense against Germany. In September 1938, Hitler demands that the Sudetenland be given to Germany. The Czechs refused and appeal to France for help. What do the French and British do? France and Britain were preparing for war when Mussolini proposed a meeting of Germany, France, Britain, and Italy in Munich, Germany. September 29, 1938- The Munich Conference (note the Czechs were not invited) British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain believed he could preserve peace by giving into Hitler’s demands. And so, Britain and France agreed that Hitler could take the Sudetenland. In exchange, Hitler was to respect Czechoslovakia’s new border. Chamberlain returned to London, greeted by cheering crowds. One skeptic, Winston Churchill, then a member of the British Parliament, opposed the appeasement policy. Sure enough, less than six month after the Munich meeting, Hitler took Czechoslovakia. Soon after, Mussolini takes Albania. Hitler than demanded Poland return the former German port of Danzig. The Poles appeal to Britain and France. However, the British and French’s past record of appeasement encourage Hitler that neither would risk war. Nonaggression Pact August 23, 1939, Stalin and Hitler sign a Nonaggression Pact which says that Communist Russia and Fascist Germany will never attack one another. World War II: 1939-194 Hitler’s Lightning War Chapter 16 Section 1 The War Begins Hitler played into the fears and hopes of the Western democracies by each time taking new territories and then declaring an end to his demands. However, after moving into the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, Hitler now turned his sights to Poland. After WWI, the Allies and cut out the Polish Corridor (formerly German territory) and gave it to Poland allowing them access to the sea. In 1939, Hitler demanded the Polish Corridor back. Recalling the Nonaggression Pact not invited to the Munich Conference, was not so quick to ally with the Western powers. Stalin and Hitler sign the nonaggression pact between Russia and Germany. In this agreement, they agree to divide up Poland. They also agree that the USSR can take over Finland and the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Stalin, September 3, 1939 September 1, 1939-Hitler launches a surprise attack on Poland. France and Britain declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Germany’s attack on Poland marked the beginning of WWII and the first test of Germany’s newest military strategy known as the blitzkrieg or lightening war. Blitzkrieg involved: fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces, to take enemy defenders by surprise and overwhelm them. This strategy worked on Poland The Soviets Make Their Move September 17, 1939, Stalin sends troops to occupy the eastern half of Poland (Germany occupies the western half) Stalin then moves to annex countries to the north of Poland: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia all of whom fall without a struggle. However, Finland does resist. In November, Stalin sends about 1 million troops into Finland making a crucial mistake to send troops in the winter. The Soviets suffered heavy losses, however, finally win because of the numbers game (the Soviets had more soldiers). By March 1940, Stalin forced the Finns to accept terms of surrender. The Phony War After declaring war on Germany, the French and British stationed troops along the Maginot Line (a system of fortifications along France’s border with Germany). They waited for an attack. The Germans, along their Siegfried Line, a few miles away, waited as well. Germans refer to this as the sitzkrieg or sitting war. Some newspapers refer to it simply as the phony war. Suddenly, Hitler launched an surprise attack on Denmark and Norway. In just a few hours after the attack, Denmark fell. Two months later, Norway fell as well. The Germans then began building bases along the Norwegian and Danish coasts which they could launch strikes on Great Britain. In May 1940, Hitler sweeps through Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Taken these countries were part of a strategy to take France. Hitler then sent a large force of tanks and troops through the Ardennes (northern France), squeezing between the Maginot Line. Rescue at Dunkirk The German forces reached the French coast and then went north again to join with German troops in Belgium. By the end of May 1940, the German had trapped the Allied forces around the northern French city of Lille. The Allies, outnumbered, retreated to the French port city Dunkirk. They were trapped with their backs against the sea. Great Britain set out to rescue the army. –It sent about 850 ships across the English Channel to Dunkirk. –Along with naval ships, civilians contributed by sending yachts, lifeboats, motorboats, paddle steamers, and fishing boats all joined the rescue effort. –From May 26 to June 4, under heavy fire from German bombers, sailed back and forth from Britain to Dunkirk. –The boats carried some 338,000 battleweary soldiers to safety. France Falls By June 14, the Germans had taken Paris. French leaders surrender on June 22, 1940. The Germans took control of the northern part of the country, however, the left the southern part to a puppet government headed by Marshal Philippe Petain. Petain was a French hero from WWI The headquarters for this government was in the city of Vichy. After France fell, Charles de Gaulle, a French general, set up a government-in-exile in London. De Gaulle focused his energy to reconquering France. De Gaulle goes on to organize the Free French military forces that battled the Nazis until France was liberated in 1944. The Battle of Britain When France fell, Great Britain stood alone. Winston Churchill, the new British prime minister, declared that his nation would never give in. Hitler turns his mind to an invasion of Great Britain. His plan: Take out the RAF (Royal Air Force) Then, land more than 250,000 soldiers on England’s shores. Summer 1940-the Luftwaffe, Germany’s air force, began bombing Great Britain -focus began on British air fields and aircraft factories and then the attacks turned to the cities such as London to break British morale British remained determined, despite destruction and loss of life. The RAF, although outnumbered began to fight back. Two technological devices helped: 1. Electronic tracking system known as radar (could tell the number, speed, and direction of incoming warplanes) 2. German code-making machine named Enigma Enigma Late 1930s-a complete Enigma machine smuggled into Great Britain The Enigma enabled the British to decode German secret messages. With the information gathered by these devices, the RAF fliers could quickly launch attacks on the enemy. In October 1940, German gave up daylight bombings in favor of night bombing to avoid RAF attacks. The Battle of Britain (the nights filled with air raids, sirens, Londoners flocking to subways which served as air raid shelters, some stayed in their home basement shelters…) continued until May 10, 1941. Hitler calls off his attacks and turns to the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe. The Battle of Britain taught the Allies a crucial lesson: Hitler’s attack could be The Mediterranean and the Eastern Front The British resistance caused Hitler to shift his strategy in Europe. He decided to deal with Britain later and so turned to the Mediterranean area and the Balkans and ultimately to the Soviet Union. First objective in Mediterranean region was North Africa, mainly because of Hitler’s ally Mussolini. Italy had remained neutral at the beginning of the war even though they were in an alliance with Germany. In September 1940, while the Battle of Britain was raging, Mussolini ordered his army to attack British-controlled Egypt. Italian troops pushed 60 miles into Egypt forcing the British units back. In December, the British struck back which was devastating to the Italians. By 1941, the British had swept 500 miles across North Africa and had taken 130,000 Italian prisoners. Hitler had to save his Axis power ally by sending a German tank force, the Afrika Korps, under the command of General Erwin Rommel. In late March 1941, Rommel’s Afrika Korps attacked catching British forces by surprise. The British forces retreated east to Tobruk, Libya. After fierce fighting for Tobruk, the British began to drive Rommel back. By mid-January 1942, Rommel retreated to where he started. Then, by June 1942, Rommel regrouped and pushed the British back across the desert, and seized Tobruk. Rommel’s successes in North Africa earned him the nickname “Desert Fox.” While Rommel was busy in North Africa, other German generals were active in the Balkans. The War in the Balkans As early as the summer 1940, Hitler had begun his plans to attack the USSR. The Balkan countries of south eastern Europe were key to Hitler’s invasion plan. He had hoped to build bases in southeastern Europe to use against the USSR. By early 1941, through the threat of force, Hitler had convinced Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to join the Axis powers. Yugoslavia and Greece, having Pro-British governments resisted. In early April 1941, Hitler invaded both countries. Yugoslavia fell in 11 days and Greece surrendered in 17 days. Hitler invades the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa: plan to invade Soviet Union June 22, 1941, the beginning of the invasion After weeks of fighting the Germans pushed nearly 500 miles inside the Soviet Union As the Russians retreated, they used the same scorched-earth strategy as they had done with Napoleon. On September 8, German forces put Leningrad under siege. By early November the city was cut off from the rest of the Soviet Union. To force surrender, Hitler was ready to starve the 2.5 million people that lived in the city. German bombs destroyed food warehouses. Many people began eating cattle and horse feed and then resorted to cats, dogs, crows, and rats. Nearly 1 million people died in Leningrad during the winter of 1941-1942. Yet, the city refused to fall. Impatient with progress in Leningrad, Hitler turned to Moscow in October 2, 1941. By December, the Germans were on the outskirts of Moscow. The Soviet general, Zhukov counterattacked. As temperatures fell, the Germans, in summer uniforms, retreated. Ignoring Napoleon’s defeat about 130 years before, Hitler ordered “No retreat!” German troops dug in about 125 miles west of Moscow. The held the line until March 1943. Hitler’s advance on the Soviet Union had gained nothing but cost the Germans 500,000 lives. The United States Aids Its Allies Most people felt the U.S. should not get involved in the war. Between 1935 and 1937 Congress had passed the Neutrality Acts. However, President Roosevelt knew that if the Allies fell, the United States would be drawn into the war. In September 1939, Roosevelt asked Congress to allow the Allies to buy American arms. The Allies would pay cash and then carry the goods on their own ships. The Lend-Lease Act Passed in March 1941, the president could lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country vital to the United States. By summer 1941, U.S. Navy was escorting British ships carrying U.S. arms. Hitler ordered submarines to sink any cargo ships they met. Even though the U.S. had not entered the war, Roosevelt and Churchill had secretly met and issued a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter. The Atlantic Charter This charter upheld free trade among nations and the right of people to choose their own government. The charter would later serve as the Allies peace plan at the end of WWII. On September 4, a German U-boat fired on a U.S. destroyer in the Atlantic. In response, Roosevelt ordered navy commanders to shoot German submarines on sight. The U.S. was now involved in an undeclared naval war with Hitler. However, to most everyone’s surprise, it was not an attack from Germany that drew the U.S. into the war, rather it was an attack from Japan.