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U.S. in World War II Objectives Describe challenges & successes mobilizing for war Describe how war impacted Americans at home Summarize how Allies win war in Europe Describe Allied offensive against Japanese Explain why Atomic bomb dropped Describe how war affected minorities Dec. 7, 1941 “Day of Infamy” President Roosevelt Addresses Congress Dec. 8, 1941 Declare war on Japan; Join Allies U.S. Enters the War Enlarged Military 5 million volunteered Selective Service ○ 10 million drafted ○ 8 weeks training Propaganda Wartime Production 1942 - War Production Board Industries changeover to war materials 1943 - Office of War Mobilization Centralized resources-gov’t decides Ford Motor Co. – B-24 Liberator bombers ○ Assembly line techniques Henry Kaiser – mass production ○ Liberty Ships – production time reduced 200 to 40 days Ford’s Willow Run Factory B-24 Bombers Liberty Ships Under Construction Liberty Ships Wartime Production Unemployment By vanishes 1945 Thousands planes, ships, rifles, tanks, armored cars, etc., being produced Wages go up Cost of living goes up Union membership goes up Federal debt goes up War at Home Shortages & rationing Food supply down Inflation up – Office of Price Administration Fair distribution of scarce items Activities Reading, music, baseball, movies ○ Abbott & Costello Birthrate increases Night time blackout drills Tin collection drives Rationing War at Home Victory Gardens supply produce for troops & families Tomatoes, peas, radishes Parking lots, playgrounds Office of War Information - 1942 Propaganda Maintain morale and support for war effort ○ Hire artists – strengthen patriotic feelings ○ Norman Rockwell – Four Freedoms Victory Gardens & Propaganda Norman Rockwell, artist Wartime Diversity Issues 1,000,000 African Americans 1st supporting roles Late 1942 – serve in separate units 300,000 Mexican Americans 33,000 Japanese Americans 25,000 Native Americans 13,000 Chinese Americans –“just carve on my tombstone, ‘here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man.’” Wartime Diversity Issues Tuskegee Airmen – 1st AA flying unit Late 1944 – combat units integrate Philip Randolph Threatened March on Washington for “right to work and fight for our country.” • FDR issued executive order – Full & equitable participation of all workers in defense industry – “no discrimination of race, creed, color, or national origin.” Navajo Code Talkers Women in the War Women WAVES - Navy SPAR ○ Coast Guard WAFS ○ women’s auxiliary firing squadron WASP ○ air force service pilots –WAAC (WAC) •Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp. Women at Home By 1944 6 million workers were women Myth – women were too slow, not strong enough Paid 60% of what men make “Rosie” encouraged women to work “Rosie the Riveter” Minorities and the War Despite discrimination – minority groups get chance to show what they can do & see advancement in opportunities War Strategy Dec. 22, 1941 Whitehouse meeting • Over 3 weeks, Churchill convinced FDR that Hitler was larger threat than Japan • 1st military goal: ○ Defeat Germany & Italy Churchill & Roosevelt Battle of the Atlantic German Wolf Packs – groups of subs Goal Cutoff Allied supply lines-food, arms, oil, tanks, planes, etc. 87 ships sunk in 4 months 681 in 7 months Battle went on for years If Allies didn’t win this “war,” WW2 would have been lost US Ships, planes help Britain win Fighting Back – War in Atlantic Fighting German U-boats, submarines FDR says “Shoot on sight” U.S. fights back against U-boats U.S. Convoys formed Equipped with radar, sonar Allows U.S. to find & destroy German U-boats faster then can be built. 140 Liberty Ships/month Hitler Attacks Soviets June 1941 Hitler attacks Soviet Union ○ Despite Nonaggression Pact Invaded over 1,800 miles Captured 2 million Russian soldiers by Nov. Germany halted 25 miles outside of Moscow ○ Russian winter set in ○ Fierce Russian resistance Stalingrad & Leningrad Germans push towards Stalingrad & Leningrad Deadliest battle in human history Oil in Caucasus Bomb, burn Hand-to-hand combat Russians want to surrender Germans hold 90% of city by winter ’42 Soviets to Stalingrad – advance tanks over ice Trap Germans in city Soldiers starve Winter Want to surrender Hitler – No! Jan ’43 surrender Soviets move toward Germany • Not enough troops to invade France – yet! • Help Britain in N. Africa • Fighting since 1940 • Success in Egypt & Libya • “Soft underbelly of Axis Powers” British General Bernard Montgomery U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower German General Erwin Rommel Fighting in N. Africa & Italy Allies need to capture North Arica so they can get into Italy Very difficult to fight in desert Hitler sends 20,000 more troops General Rommel – called Desert Fox because he’s so good at fighting with tanks in the desert German Fighting in N. Africa & Italy US loses at Kasserine Pass “America losses her battle innocence” British & US combine forces By May 1943 - Germans & Italians in North Africa surrender to Allied troops Fighting in N. Africa & Italy Allies capture Sicily Mussolini stripped of power, arrested “Most hated man in Italy” - Killed He & mistress hung upside down Eventually, Allies drive Axis powers out of Italy Thousands of soldiers die June 1944, Allied forces won Italian Campaign - Bloody Anzio Planning for D-Day Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill meet Plan to invade France from Southern Great Britain In preparation for it Carpet bomb Germany Planning for D-Day Carpet bombing of Germany Dropped 2,697,473 bombs Killed 305,000 civilians Damaged 5.5 million homes Wiped out railroads, bridges, oil fields, etc. Goal: Stop Germany’s ability to move troops to Normandy beaches once attack starts Hamburg Operation Overlord Goal: Invade NW Europe to reach Germans General Eisenhower – Supreme Commander Operation Neptune: Establish a beachhead in Normandy, France -“D-Day: June 6, 1944” Troops: British, U.S., Canadian, Polish, Dutch, Belgian, French Phantom Army Fake radio messages Double agents Phony military base – Dover, England Buildings, Planes, tanks, jeeps, housing Made of cardboard, wood, rubber, paper Led Germans to believe attack would be at Calais Narrowest point of English Channel Operation Overlord Operation Overlord 23,000 paratroopers behind enemy lines Over 150,000 troops land on beaches Charge enemy lines on open beaches Massive bombardment, but massive devastation Chaos – screaming, soldiers hit left & right, bodies everywhere, nothing to hide behind Results: Two week duration Allies held 80 mile strip of beachheads. Causalities were atrocious Mulberry Harbor Artificial harbor built at the beaches Towed huge concrete ports Sunk 70 old ships as breakwaters Beginning of End for Hitler >4,600 invasion craft and warships >1,000 bombers hit German defenses >14,000 aircraft sorties Took 60 miles of Normandy coast 12,000 casualties in prep for D-Day D-Day: 10,000 Allied casualties – 2,500 dead Total >425,000 Allied and German troops killed, wounded or missing in Battle for Normandy Major Victory and Turning Point • Beginning of end for Hitler – Within one year, Germany surrenders – 1 week after D-Day .5 million troops ashore – Late July – 2 million Allied troops in France • French Resistance & Allied forces free Paris Aug. 25, 1944 • Charles de Gaulle takes over French provisional government Allies Take Back France Massive air and land strike against St. Lo. General Omar Bradley Broke German line of defense Led way for . . . Third Army to reach Seine River August 25, 1944 Under U.S. General George Patton & French resistance fighters French capital taken back by French General Charles de Gaulle Battle of the Bulge October 1944 U.S. captured first German town, Aachen Mid-December German counteroffensive To recapture Belgian Port of Antwerp Drive 60 miles into Allied territory Creates “bulge” Battle of the Bulge Generals Patton & Bradley 1st & 3rd Armies push Germans back to Germany Battle lasted 1 month Largest loss in life on the Western front Germans: lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, and 1,600 planes 600,000 U.S. troops involved ○ 80,000 killed, wounded or captured Germans: Knew couldn’t win the war Liberation of Europe Allied troops march east towards heart of Germany Soviets keep moving westward across Poland Find Concentration camps Majdanek – thousands starving, gas chambers Troops in the west find more camps, horrors Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945 Results • Divided Germany into four zones • Poland & Eastern Europe-free elections • S.U. declares war against Japan • S.U. will join United Nations Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill Goodbye Roosevelt April 12, 1945 Roosevelt passes away Stroke Posing for a portrait Harry Truman 33rd President V.P. to Roosevelt Former Senator of Missouri Weak relationship with Roosevelt No idea of atomic weapon Foreign affairs new to him Germany’s Last Straw April 25, 1945 U.S. and Soviet forces meet at Torgau, Germany on Elbe River Marking the Soviet Union's victory, a soldier raises the Soviet flag over the German Reichstag in Berlin. •Soviet Army storms Berlin •Destroyed Berlin -- house-to-house Hitler Meets His End April 29, 1945 Hitler married Eva Braun Wrote last address to German people Would not surrender; rather die. April 30,1945 Commits suicide with wife and dog. Has bodies burned Germany Surrenders May 7,1945, Germans Surrender V-E day (Victory over Europe Day) May 8 V-E Day - Victory in Europe 5/8/45 Japanese Victories Japan captured: Guam, Wake Island, Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma US had been in Philippines since late 1800s Drove out General McArthur - commanded US & Filipino troops in Philippines Japanese troops put Bataan under siege General MacArthur Bataan Death March Japanese captured thousands of US and Filipino troops Made them march 65 miles to a prison camp They were starving, no water Civilians tried to give them food, but soldiers shot them, if they ate it War with Japan – Tokyo Bombed Battle of Coral Sea – May 1942 Strategy – Island hopping Battle of Midway -1942 Guadalcanal Leyte Gulf, Philippines - 1944 1942 New defense tactic - Kamikaze “Divine Wind” - Suicide bombers 7,465 Kamikazes flew to their deaths –120 US ships sunk, many more damaged –3,048 Allied sailors killed, another 6,025 wounded –-80,000 Japanese deaths Iwo Jima 700 Miles from Japan – fighting grows fierce Took over a month to secure island 110,000 Allied soldiers invade 25,000 casualties >20,000 Japanese Only 200 left to surrender Mount Suribachi “. . . uncommon valor was a common virtue.” Okinawa 350 miles from Japan Japanese soil 2,000 Kamikazes & Banzai charges 180,000 Allied troops 50,000 U.S. casualties Costliest battle in the Pacific U.S.: How will we win? How many more lost lives? End of the War – Atomic Bomb 1939 – Albert Einstein letter to FDR Manhattan Project organized 1941 ○ Robert Oppenheimer – director ○ Los Alamos, New Mexico – 3,000 workers ○ April 1945 – FDR dies – Truman’s decision ○ July 16, 1945: 1st test in desert Aug. 6 Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima 80,000 instantly dead Aug. 9 Bockscar dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki 74,000 instantly dead Hiroshima After Nagasaki Before/After Bombing of Nagasaki “My God, what have we done.” Robert Lewis, Co-pilot Enola Gay Why Did U.S. Drop A-Bomb? Save American lives – Japanese would fight to bitter end Invasion of Japan would have been worst battle of entire war – millions would die Truman wants to end war quickly – wants Japan to surrender Also, demonstrate U.S. military power to Soviets – foreshadowing of Cold War to come V-J Day – Victory Over Japan • Aug. 14, 1945 Japan surrenders • Aug. 15 - V-J day • Sept. 2 – Official surrender aboard USS Missouri •MacArthur leads Japan, writes Constitution “Times Square Kiss” Japanese Internment President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 – Feb. 1942 Authorizes Secretary of War to remove “aliens” from military zones on West Coast War Relocation Authority moved 110,000 Japanese citizens and non-citizens to camps ○ Located in remote locations ○ Lost homes, businesses, assets ○ Surrounded by barbed wire ○ Limited bathrooms, eating areas ○ Korematsu v. U.S. – Supreme Court rules necessary – “military imperative” ○ Leave camps in 1945 Reparations Considered one of worst violations of peoples’ civil liberties 1988 U.S. government apologizes Pays $20,000 to surviving internees Despite discrimination 17,000 Nisei volunteer for military Nuremberg Trials International Military Tribunal Nazi leaders – crimes against peace and humanity, war crimes Charge 12 of 24 receive death sentences Establish principle People are responsible for their own actions “Just following orders” doesn’t fly Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg Trials Burchett was among the first to witness and describe radiation sickness. The patterns of clothes burnt by the heat rays. on a chunk of rubble with his Baby Hermes typewriter. His dispatch began: "In Hiroshima, thirty days after the first atomic bomb destroyed the city and shook the world, people are still dying, mysteriously and horribly-people who were uninjured in the cataclysm from an unknown something which I can only describe as the atomic plague." He continued, tapping out the words that still haunt to this day: "Hiroshima does not look like a bombed city. It looks as if a monster steamroller has passed over it and squashed it out of existence. I write these facts as dispassionately as I can in the hope that they will act as a warning to the world."