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World War II Contrasts between World War I and World War II • World War II more of a global conflict – Fought on two theatres: • Europe and North Africa • Asia/Pacific • More extensive engagement of 20th c technologies – Role of air power, radar, cryptology – Mechanized warfare-– Role of new strategies -- blitzkrieg • Greater involvement of civilian populations • Staggering losses – 50 million dead • More extensive planning for peace The course of the war 1939-1940 • Invasion of Poland map 1939 – Entry of Britain and France – Phoney war: • German invasion of Denmark and Norway • May, 1940 map 1940 – Invasion of Netherlands, Belgium, France – France defeated within 6 weeks – Britain driven from continent 1940-1942 • Battle of Britain: Sept. 1940-41 • Battle for North Africa • Germany solidifies hold on Southeastern Europe • Germany attacks USSR, June 21, 1941 – Bogs down map 1941 • December, 1941 – Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour brings US into War Turning points: map 1942 • 1942 – El Alemain – allied victory over Rommel in North Africa • 1942-43 – Defence of Stalingrad • 1943 – Invasion of Italy map 1944 – Mussolini toppled – Germans invade and occupy • 1944 – – – – June 6: D-day – Invasion of Normandy Liberation of France Liberation of Belgium Partial liberation of the Netherlands War aims • Germany: – Initially Continental domination, especially hinterland to its east – Restructuring of European society – • Aryan domination • Allies: – Unconditional surrender Arguments over strategy: • Stalin’s demand for a second front – North African campaign as a diversion • Churchill’s argument for an invasion through the Balkans • US argument– invasion through France – when ready • Dieppe, 1943: – An effort to placate Stalin – ‘test landing’ • Italian campaign Factors determining the outcome • • • • • • The difficulty of invading Britain Germany’s attack on the Soviet Union US entry Allies’ productive capacity Ability of allies to maintain supply lines Code breaking – Enigma – capture of German encryption machine Civilians and the war • • • • Total home front mobilization Civilians as victims of bombing Large numbers displaced Occupation and choices it presented: – Collaboration – Resistance • Civilians as victims of genocide Planning the peace - I • Summit negotiations on war aims, postwar disposition of territory – Casablanca 1943 (Roosevelt + Churchill) • Agreement on unconditional surrender – Teheran 1943 • Initial agreement on eastern Europe • Plans for occupation of Germany – Yalta 1945 • Plans for United Nations • Further agreement on territory • Concessions to Russia in order to secure entry into war against Japan Planning the peace – II • Bretton Woods conference –1943 – Plans for monetary stability • Fixed system of exchange rates • World Bank and International Monetary Fund to stabilize • Agreements on trade (GATT) • Domestic side – UK – plans for welfare state (Beveridge Report) – Discussions in resistance movements, among governments in exile Other facets • Lidice • liberation of Paris • Market Garden