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Applications of Computer Science Mars Exploration Rover Mission Part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, a long-term effort of robotic exploration Mars Rover collects information that would be impossible for NASA to gather otherwise Cannot send a human to Mars • how to keep humans healthy in space? risk? hard enough to keep robots alive! • USA has best track record: 1 out of 3 robotic probes survive (in Russia, 2 out of 12) What are the robots doing? Radio spectrograms to find elemental content of rocks Burrow under surface to find water Searching for signs of possible life Computers allow for continuous gathering of information Without computers – radio signals have 1 hour delay, no communication on one side of planet Missiles and bombs Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Artificial Intelligence in conjunction with inertial navigation and GPS used to accurately and efficiently identify targets Smart Bombs cameras real-time imaging Computer programs are fast enough humans are not Biology Bioinformatics biologically oriented computer science techniques and technologies Genomics the study of genes and their function Computational Biology development of computational tools for solving problems from molecular biology construction of mathematical/statistical models development of algorithms code implementation on various platforms protein structure determination, prediction and modeling The Manhattan Project Led to development of the atomic bomb Computers played essential roles into the US weapons program from the earliest on days of the Manhattan Project led to the development of the atomic bomb Since then weapons program is one of the most important driving forces for the development of powerful large scale scientific computers One of the first projects to use large scale finite element analysis when differential equations cannot be solved analytically, one can divide space up into small bits (finite elements) and solve them numerically Celera / HGP The Human Genome Project Mid-1980's, sufficient scientific breakthroughs had been made for scientists to begin considering mapping the genome Watson was one of its early advocates Congress complied with advocates' requests and funded the effort In 1990, goal was to sequence the genome by 2005 at estimated cost of $3 billion dollars Eight years after it began, just 7% of the genome had been sequenced Celera Genomics (Celera = “Quick” or “Swift” in Latin) 1998, Craig Ventner (with PE Biosystems) founded Celera Genomics Venter said he would fully sequence the human genome by 2001 for just $200 million Celera utilized immense computing power (it is said to have the most powerful computing center outside of the Pentagon) in pursuit of the goal The Human Genome February 15, 2001: HGP consortium publishes its working draft in Nature … … and Celera publishes its draft in Science on February 16 Computational chemistry Computer methods are used to solve chemical problems which would be intractable or even impossible via experimental methods Computational chemistry established itself as mainstay of modern industrial and academic chemistry now acknowledged as a subdivision of chemistry alongside the more traditional ones rapid emergence of this discipline with applications throughout all areas of chemistry has impacted the work of all chemists and significantly increased efficiency in a number of fields. Drug development, molecular modeling, … Computational physics Reliable and accurate solution of scientific problems by numerical computation, algorithms and data analysis Simulation, visualization and modeling of physical phenomena Examples characterize radiation properties of the Earth's upper atmosphere develop new remote sensing techniques for better understanding the upper atmosphere Computational archaeology Umbrella term for a variety of approaches that use computer-based methods for the study of archaeological methods Use of computer aided design (CAD) for the reconstruction and analysis of archaeological remains Geographical information systems (GIS) for spatial analysis Remote sensing for landscape analysis and archaeological survey Computer modeling and computer simulation of human behavior Variety of other forms of analysis dependent on computer software such as architectural analysis
