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Advances in Computing Chapter 13 Multimedia, Artificial Intelligence, and Intelligent Agents © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Overview • • • • • Ch 13 Multimedia Artificial intelligence Intelligent agents Information filtering Avatars © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 2 CCI Multimedia • What are some applications for multimedia? • What are some of the jobs and activities in this field? Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 3 CCI Business and Industry • Decreasing costs in hardware • Increasing ease of presentation software – Microsoft PowerPoint, Harvard Graphics • Kiosk increase • Interactive catalogs, annual reports, safety manuals, employee handbooks Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 4 CCI Education and Training • Multimedia provides flexibility • Learners retain about 20% of what they hear, 40% of what they see and hear, 75% of what they see, hear, and do Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 5 CCI Education and Training • Younger children – provides class discussions, assists in student research, promotes team work • Older learners – promotes participation, allows user over control over pace • Courseware – adults determine when and where they access training Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 6 CCI Entertainment and Games • The entertainment industry has had the greatest commercial success in multimedia • Games have been the largest success • Edutainment also done well – educational/entertainment – Random House/Brøderbund Living Book Series • Games used in training executives Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 7 CCI The Multimedia Computer • Most PCs today are multimedia-capable • A standard called MPC Classification has been published by the Multimedia PC Marketing Council Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 8 CCI MPC Classification – – – – – – – – – – Ch 13 Pentium (or equivalent) minimum 75 MHz CPU 8 MB of RAM, optimally 32-64 MB 540 MB hard disk with 500 MB available 3.5 inch, high density floppy disk drive 4X CD-ROM drive with 600 Kbps data transfer 16-bit wavetable sound card with MIDI playback and speakers VGA graphics card with 8-bit (256) colors MPEG video playback 101-key keyboard and two-button mouse I/O ports for MIDI, serial, parallel, and joystick © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 9 CCI Adding Multimedia Content • Requires more advanced equipment – specialized input devices including: • scanner • video capture card • record to CD capability such as CD-R, CD-RW, or removable media that can be sent to a service bureau for CD mastering Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 10 CCI Creating Multimedia • Complex process • Stages – pre production – production – post production Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 11 CCI Pre-Production Stage • Program objectives • Design • Details – audience analysis – scripting writing – storyboarding Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 12 CCI Production Stage • Gathering content – acquiring copyright and licensing arrangements – creating own media contents Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 13 CCI Post-Production Stage • Combining elements • Meet overall design objectives • Meet program objectives Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 14 CCI Multimedia Step 1 • Develop the project specification – – – – Ch 13 statement of purpose audience analysis concept treatment content requirements © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 15 CCI Multimedia Step 2 • Plan and budget your production – – – – – Ch 13 calendar resource schedule financial budget summary of equipment staff requirements © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 16 CCI Multimedia Step 3 • Prepare a treatment and storyboard – written script – visual outline Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 17 CCI Multimedia Step 4 • Design the user interface – finalize look and feel of the presentation Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 18 CCI Multimedia Step 5 • Prepare a prototype or working model – interface with • features • concept implementation • audience assumption Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 19 CCI Multimedia Step 6 • Acquire the content by – converting – purchasing – producing media elements Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 20 CCI Multimedia Step 7 • Author and program the title – assemble the media elements – build the interactivity Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 21 CCI Multimedia Step 8 • Test and evaluate the title to ensure – consistency – accuracy – audience acceptance Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 22 CCI Multimedia Step 9 • Prepare the title for distribution – CD-ROM or DVD – complete installation instructions or – setup program – user documentation Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 23 CCI Acquiring Content • Larger productions have a database management system • Catalog and track digital media elements Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 24 CCI Content Database • Contains: – file name and version control number – description of contents, usage, and location in the final production – file format and specifications – copyright, licensing, royalty information – media service vendor’s name and address – author developer, person responsible for acquiring media Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 25 CCI Text • Limit passages to less than forty words • East to read typefaces • Large-size font • Proofread to avoid on-screen and spelling mistakes • Can enter directly or import from a text editor Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 26 CCI Vector-Based Graphics • Draw or vector-based – Adobe Illustrator – CorelDraw – set of instructions for drawing lines on an invisible screen – smaller than bit-mapped graphics – cannot produce photo-quality images Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 27 CCI Bit-Mapped Graphics • Bit-mapped, or raster-based graphics – scanning images or using paint programs – Adobe PhotoShop – Paint Shop Pro – the larger the image, the longer it takes to display on the screen Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 28 CCI Sound • Audio is often the forgotten element • Sound enhances enjoyment of the production • Sounds recorded by a process called sampling • Higher the sampling rate, the more storage required, the better the quality Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 29 CCI Animation • Simple or complex – icon bouncing around or virtual walkthrough of a space – use animation software for complex sequencing – assemble as in a flipbook – commonly hire or contract out an animator Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 30 CCI The Authoring Process • Wide use of templates, prebuilt component libraries, media catalogs • Some procedural code will be required for additional graphics, buttons, menus • Closely resembles model for application development • Some tools for interactive presentations or CBT, often Web-based Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 31 CCI Multimedia Presentation Software • Helps create – multimedia slide shows – animated business presentations – informational kiosk applications • Timeline-based • Most include clip art, images video clips Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 32 CCI Multimedia Authoring Software • Full-feature authoring tools – Macromedia Director, Quark Immedia – more control over media elements, synchronization, interactivity – additional ability to capture audience’s attention Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 33 CCI Multimedia CBT Authoring Software • 80% of authoring tools used for computerbased training – AimTech IconAuthor, Asymetrix Toolbook, Macromedia Authorware • In addition to authoring, tools support – high level of interactivity – complex evaluation methods – device handling • More costly Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 34 CCI Career Opportunities in Multimedia • Producer/director • Scriptwriter/content expert • Editor/proofreader • Interface designer • Artist/Illustrator • Animator • Audio technician • Video technician • Programmer • Evaluator/tester Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 35 CCI Artificial Intelligence • Also called AI • A group of related technologies to develop machines to emulate human-like qualities • Aim to be able to communicate by speech and hearing • Robotics, natural language processing, fuzzy logic, expert systems, neural network, virtual reality Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 36 CCI Robotics and Perception Systems • An automated device that performs human-like functions • All robots programmed • Robots that emulate sight, hearing, touch, smell, responding, are called intelligent robots Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 37 CCI Natural Language Processing • Natural language processing is the study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language • Such processing can increase productivity • Vast amount of code means that such processing needs an increase in storage capacity to migrate to smaller devices Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 38 CCI Fuzzy Logic • Fuzzy logic is a method of dealing with imprecise logic • Involves probability and credibility • Applied to increasing devices in the workplace and daily life – voice-recognition software – menu-driven microwave ovens Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 39 CCI Expert System • ES is a set of computer programs that perform at the level of a human expert • Applies rules and data to input questions or problems that would otherwise require an expert’s assistance • Helps rather than replaces humans • Accuracy depends on accurate data and rules Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 40 CCI Major ES Components • Knowledge base focusing on a specific subject • Knowledge base – database of facts, information, beliefs, assumptions, procedures for problem solving • Inference engine – controls search and produces conclusions • User interface – usually ability to ask questions and get answers Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 41 CCI Expert Systems at Work • MYCIN – diagnosis infectious diseases • REBES or Residential Burglary Expert – assists in detection in a crime scene • XCON – puts together best arrangement of components for DEC Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 42 CCI Building an Expert System • LISP, Prolog, or other system-building software • Usually run on large machines • Some limited capability scale-down systems Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 43 CCI Implication for Business • Business not a science with strong rules and heuristics • Long-range planning – ILPRS • Project management – IPPMS • Cost is a factor in usage Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 44 CCI Neural Networks • Human neural network – neurons, nerve cells, connected by lattice called axons – Connections between axons called synapses • Computer neural networks – synapses replaced by electronic components – nerve cells replaced by transistors Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 45 CCI Neural Network Functionality • Network learns by finetuning its connections • Requires large resource commitment • Used for medial, stock, and automotive industry Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 46 CCI Genetic Algorithms • Random mutation to improve itself • Use endless trial and error to learn from experience • Used from stock management to airplane business Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 47 CCI Virtual Reality • VR • Headgear – HMD: head mounted display • Glove • Software • Simulators represent the physical behavior of systems Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 48 CCI Intelligent Agents • A computer program that performs task on your behalf • Electronic assistant – performs secretarial duties • examples include – – – – Ch 13 electronic secretaries e-mail filters electronic clipping services Internet agents, including spiders, crawlers, and robots © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 49 CCI Avatars • A graphic image of a person on the screen or a graphical impersonation of a computer or computer process • Impersonation • To represent a process – agents, characters, bots Ch 13 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 50 CCI