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One Question Quiz 08/19/13 Question 1 Define gene pool. Question 2 What does the H-W equilibrium predict? Question 3 Define fitness. Question 4 What is differential reproduction? Question 5 What is the smallest unit that can evolve? Question 6 How do novel traits arise? Question 7 Why was Lamarck inaccurate in his concept of species change? Question 8 How did the frequency of the recessive allele in peppered moths change during the industrial revolution? Question 9 What is the role of the environment in selection? Question 10 What does 2pq represent in the H-W equation? One Question Quiz 08/21/2013 Question 1 What evidence didn’t Darwin have available to substantiate his claims of species change? Question 2 What is biogeography? Question 3 Why didn’t Eutherian mammals overtake Marsupial mammals in Australia? Question 4 What changes in horse evolution can be seen in the fossil record? Question 5 What do homologous structures indicate? Question 6 Provide an example of homology. Question 7 Provide an example of a vestigial structure in humans. Question 8 How do sequenced genomes allow us to understand evolutionary relationships? Question 9 The fin of a baleen whale and a human hand suggest that whales and humans shared ____________. Question 10 2 2 p + 2pq + q = ? One Question Quiz 08/22/2013 Question 1 What are two types of sexual selection? Question 2 In crickets, how did selection not favor calling? Question 3 In human height variation, there is selection for the average and selection against extremely all or short heights. What type of selection is this? Question 4 Where would sickle cell anemia be selected for? Question 5 Natural selection wouldn’t work without ___________. Question 6 In crickets, how did selection favor calling? Question 7 How is climate change affecting the flowering of blueberries? Question 8 Selection against the average and for both extremes is ___________ selection. Question 9 p+q=? Question 10 Provide an example of directional selection. One Question Quiz 08/22/2013 Question 1 What are two types of sexual selection? Question 2 In crickets, how did selection not favor calling? Question 3 In human height variation, there is selection for the average and selection against extremely all or short heights. What type of selection is this? Question 4 Where would sickle cell anemia be selected for? Question 5 Natural selection wouldn’t work without ___________. Question 6 In crickets, how did selection favor calling? Question 7 How is climate change affecting the flowering of blueberries? Question 8 Selection against the average and for both extremes is ___________ selection. Question 9 p+q=? Question 10 Provide an example of directional selection. One Question Quiz 08/29/2013 Question 1 Large population, no migration, no mutation What 2 conditions for H-W are missing? Question 2 What does p represent? Question 3 Why is there a 2 in 2pq? Question 4 2 What does q represent? Question 5 In a population of 1000 cattle, 160 have horns (a recessive trait). What is the q value for the population? Question 6 What does 2pq represent? Question 7 How can you check your work when doing H-W problems? Question 8 2 What does p represent? Question 9 In population of 1000 Holstein cattle, 83% have a spotted coat (a recessive phenotype.) How many individuals in the population have a solid coat? Question 10 What does q represent? One Question Quiz 09/18/13 Question 1 What is an outgroup used for? Question 2 Birds likely developed light bones and wings like limbs in the context of tree-climbing but there appendages happened to help organisms in the context of flight. This is an example of ____________. Question 3 Two organisms are classified as different species based on the different roles they play within their environment. This is an example of which species concept? Question 4 The sperm of one species cannot survive in the reproductive tract of another, which prevents fertilization. Pre- or postzygotic? Type of reproductive barrier? Question 5 What is parsimony? Question 6 What levels of hierarchical classification are used in binomial nomenclature? Question 7 How can the Darwinian concept of descent with modification explain the evolution of such complex structures as the vertebrate or the heart? Question 8 ___________ ___________ is necessary for allopatric speciation to occur. Question 9 Homologous or analogous?: an owl’s wing and a hornet’s wing Question 10 What is the advantage of a phylogram over a phylogenetic tree? One Question Quiz 09/20/13 Question 1 What do internal nodes on a cladogram represent? Question 2 What does a cladogram include that phylogenetic trees and phylograms do not include? Question 3 As we move from the bottom to the top of a cladogram, we are moving from the ________ to the __________. Question 4 What is the outgroup in this cladogram? How do you know? Question 5 Which letter represents the derived character “hair”? Question 6 Which letter would represent “bony skeleton”? Question 7 Do the order/position of the terminal nodes matter in this diagram? Why or why not? Question 8 What does the “root” or “trunk” of a cladogram represent? Question 9 What information is displayed on a character table? What is it’s purpose? Question 10 What is a paraphyletic group? One Question Quiz 09/24/13 Question 1 How old is the Earth? Question 2 The Miller-Urey experiments created a lab set up based on the components of Earth’s early atmosphere. ______ ______ were produced - showing that the building blocks of life could have been produced by the abiotic components of the atmosphere of early Earth. Question 3 As we go further into the past, the ______ complete the fossil record is. Question 4 The relative sequence of fossils in rock strata tells us the order in which the fossils were laid down but not their exact _______. Question 5 This term refers to the number of years it takes for 50% of a radioactive sample to decay. Question 6 4 main stages leading to simple cells1. Abiotic synthesis of small molecules like amino acids. 2. ? 3. Packaging of these larger molecules into protobionts 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that make inheritance possible. Question 7 Is it believed that the earliest life on Earth had RNA or DNA as a primary nucleic acid? Question 8 Mass extinctions like the Permian mass extinction provided opportunities for adaptive radiation into newly vacated ________. Question 9 This technique is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes. Question 10 This term refers to a collection of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a simple membrane which may meet the necessary conditions for life. One Question Quiz 09/25/2013 Question 1 Provide one piece of evidence that supports the theory of endosymbiosis. Question 2 This term refers to the fact that continents are not fixed on the surface of the Earth. Question 3 Provide 2 internal cellular structures that prokaryotes lack. Question 4 The theory of endosymbiosis proposes that the mitochondria and plastids like the chloroplast were formerly __________ living in larger cells. Question 5 Why would endosymbiosis have benefitted both the larger host cell and the endosymbiont? Question 6 Why would a waterproof coating of wax on the leaves have been beneficial in land plants? Question 7 Early photosynthetic organisms saturated seas and lakes with O2, then excess O2 oxidized iron deposits in rock, and finally O2 began to accumulate in the ___________. Question 8 Increasing cell __________ made it possible for multicellular organisms to divide particular life functions - like obtaining food, reproduction, etc. Question 9 How did early land plants and fungi benefit from interacting with each other? Question 10 Even the smallest single-celled eukaryote is far more _________ than any prokaryote. Big Ideas from Chapter 26 4.6 billion years in Earth’s history Much change has taken place Abiotic --> Life Many changes in the abiotic environment 4 stages: Abiotic synthesis of small molecules Small molecules build more complex polymers Polymers are packaged into protobionts Self replicating molecules allow for inheritance Tests of chemical components of Earth’s early atmosphere and seas generated organic compounds - building blocks for life - Miller Urey Spontaneous formation of protobionts - basic functions - basic repro and metabolism - no precise reproduction and cell division Limited RNA nucleic acids gave way to more complex sequences and could have served as the template for the first double-stranded DNA Our fossil record can only tell us so much - Presence of fossils in strata alone won’t give us dates. Radiometric dating allows us to use radioactive isotopes to put dates on fossils The geologic record is peppered by mass extinctions which result in a major reduction in the type of species on Earth Mass extinctions provide opportunities for adaptive radiation and are met with increases in species. Tonights reading 522-528 Major shifts in life Protobiont --> prokaryotes Prokaryotes --> Eukaryotes Eukaryotes --> multicellularity Life colonizes the land Geological changes on Earth Autotrophic prokaryotes develop ---> heterotrophic prokaryotes Remember: Prokaryotes v. eukaryote refers to cell type, autotroph v. heterotroph refers to how organisms obtain nutrients Worry about e- transport chains later They do provide evidence of endosymbiosis Changes in oxygen content - “Oxygen revolution” Early earth: Absence of O2 in atmosphere Selection for/selection against? Selection for cells that could survive in oxidizing environment Extinction of many prokaryote lineages Eukaryotes Endosymbiosis - mutualistic Evidence Colonies of different eukaryotes give rise to multicellularity Changes in Earth continental drift impact on habitats supercontinents to the continents we know today connection to biogeography