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“…sparked by just the right
combination of physical events
& chemical processes…”
Origin of Life
AP Biology
2007-2008
Millions of years ago
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Paleozoic
PROTEROZOIC
PRECAMBRIAN
500
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
ARCHEAN
0
Colonization of land
by animals
Appearance of animals
and land plants
First multicellular
organisms
Animalia
Oldest definite fossils
of eukaryotes
Appearance of oxygen
in atmosphere
Oldest definite fossils
of prokaryotes
4000
Molten-hot surface of
earth becomes cooler
4500
Formation of earth
AP Biology
Bacteria Archae- Protista Plantae Fungi
bacteria
The evolutionary tree of
life can be documented
with evidence.
The Origin of Life on
Earth is another story…
What is Life?
 First we have to define LIFE…



organized as cells
respond to stimuli
regulate internal processes
 homeostasis

use energy to grow
 metabolism

develop
 change & mature
within lifetime

reproduce
 heredity
 DNA / RNA
 adaptation & evolution
AP Biology
The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
 Special Creation


Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
not testable
 Extraterrestrial Origin


Was the original source of
organic (carbon) materials
comets & meteorites striking
early Earth?
testable
 Spontaneous Abiotic Origin

AP Biology
Did life evolve spontaneously
from inorganic molecules?
testable
Conditions on early Earth
 Reducing atmosphere
water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
 lots of available H & its electron
low O2 =
 no free oxygen

 Energy source

lightning, UV radiation,
volcanic
What’s missing
from that
atmosphere?
AP Biology
organic molecules
do not breakdown
as quickly
Electrodes discharge
sparks
(lightning simulation)
Origin of Organic Molecules
 Abiotic synthesis
1920
Oparin & Haldane
propose reducing
atmosphere
hypothesis
 1953
Miller & Urey
test hypothesis

Water vapor
CH4
NH3
Mixture of gases
("primitive
atmosphere")
H2
Condenser
Water
 formed organic
compounds
 amino acids
 adenine
AP Biology
Heated water
("ocean")
Condensed
liquid with
complex,
organic
molecules
Stanley Miller
University of Chicago
produced
-amino acids
-hydrocarbons
-nitrogen bases
-other organics
It’s ALIVE!
AP Biology
Origin of Cells (Protobionts)
 Bubbles  separate inside from outside
 metabolism & reproduction
AP Biology
Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
 RNA is likely first genetic material
multi-functional
 codes information

 self-replicating molecule
 makes inheritance possible
 natural selection & evolution

enzyme functions
 ribozymes
 replication
regulatory molecule
 transport molecule

AP Biology
 tRNA & mRNA
AP Biology
Fossil Record
 Found in diverse environments:
 Sedimentary rock
 petrified (stone) trees
 molds left in stone
 preserved organisms in amber
 preserved bodies in areas with little
decomposition (frozen in ice, in acid…)
AP Biology
Fossil Dating
 Relative Dating
 fossils are frozen in time
 Compare similar strata of rock to obtain


a relative date
Radiometric Dating (Absolute Dating)
gives a more exact age for the fossil
Uses radioactive isotope half-lives
AP Biology
Key Events in Origin of Life
 Key events in
evolutionary
history of life on
Earth

AP Biology
life originated
3.5–4.0 bya
Prokaryotes
 Prokaryotes dominated life
on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya
3.5 billion year old
fossil of bacteria
AP Biology
modern bacteria
chains of one-celled
cyanobacteria
Lynn Margulis
Stromatolites
Fossilized mats of
prokaryotes resemble
modern microbial
colonies
AP Biology
Oxygen atmosphere
 Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya

reducing  oxidizing atmosphere
 evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting
 makes aerobic respiration possible

AP Biology
photosynthetic bacteria (blue-green algae)
~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
 Development of internal membranes


create internal micro-environments
advantage: specialization = increase efficiency
 natural selection!
infolding of the
plasma membrane
plasma
membrane
endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
nuclear envelope
nucleus
DNA
cell wall
Prokaryotic
cell
AP Biology
Prokaryotic
ancestor of
eukaryotic
cells
plasma
membrane
Eukaryotic
cell
Endosymbiosis
 Evolution of eukaryotes



origin of mitochondria
engulfed aerobic bacteria, but
did not digest them
mutually beneficial relationship
 natural selection!
internal membrane
system
aerobic bacterium
mitochondrion
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral
AP
Biology
eukaryotic
cell
Eukaryotic cell
with mitochondrion
Endosymbiosis
 Evolution of eukaryotes



Eukaryotic
cell with
mitochondrion
origin of chloroplasts
engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest them
mutually beneficial relationship
 natural selection!
photosynthetic
bacterium
chloroplast
Endosymbiosis
Eukaryotic cell with
AP Biology
chloroplast & mitochondrion
mitochondrion
Theory of Endosymbiosis
 Evidence

structural
 mitochondria & chloroplasts
resemble bacterial structure

genetic
Lynn Margulis
 mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteria

functional
 mitochondria & chloroplasts
AP Biology
move freely within the cell
 mitochondria & chloroplasts
reproduce independently
from the cell
Cambrian explosion
 Diversification of Animals

543 mya
AP Biology
within 10–20 million years most of the major
phyla of animals appear in fossil record
AP Biology
Continental Drift
 Earth’s history explains geographical



distribution of species
Continental drift has influenced major
evolutionary events
250 mya all land masses converged into
Pangaea
Drifting of continents helps explain:


AP Biology
marsupials of Australia
matching fossils in Brazil and West Africa
Continental Drift
AP Biology
Major Adaptive Radiations
 Evolutionary change where groups
form new species whose adaptations
allow them to fill different ecological
niches
 Evolve novel characteristic - opens an
adaptive zone
Animal evolution of hard body may have
led to Cambrian explosion
 Mammals with unique novelties did not
diversify until dinosaurs opened up the
adaptive zone to them

AP Biology
Diversity of life & periods of mass extinction
Cambrian
explosion
AP Biology
Cretaceous extinction
The Chicxulub impact crater in the
Caribbean Sea near the Yucatan
Peninsula of Mexico indicates an
asteroid or comet struck the earth and
changed conditions 65 million years ago
AP Biology
Early mammal evolution
 125 mya mammals
began to radiate
out & fill niches
AP Biology
Classifying Life
 Molecular data
challenges 5 Kingdoms
 Monera was too diverse
 2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes
 Protists are still too diverse
 not yet sorted out
AP Biology
3 Domain system
 Domains = “Super” Kingdoms
Bacteria
 Archaea

 extremophiles = live in extreme environments
 methanogens
 halogens
 thermophiles

Eukarya
 eukaryotes
 protists
 fungi
 plants
 animals
AP Biology
Kingdom
Bacteria
Kingdom
AP BiologyFungi
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Animalia
Any Questions??
Is there life elsewhere?
Does it look like life on Earth?
AP Biology
2008-2009