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rEvolutionary Thinkers DOCTRINE TINTORETTO The Creation of the Animals 1550 Evolution: History Western View Around 1759 No change in organisms Inhabitants were divinely created Species did not change over time But The Fossil record… OBSERVATION Triassic Permian 225 Seed Plants Land Plants Birds Mammals Reptiles Insects Amphibians Teleost Fish Jawless Fish Chordates Arthropods Flowering Plants 180 Dinosaurs Jurassic 135 Molluscs Cretaceous 63 Multicellular Animals Tertiary Green Algae 1.5 Photosynthetic Bacteria Quaternary Anaerobic Bacteria MYA 280 Carboniferous 350 Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Ediacaran 400 430 500 570 700 Precambrian, Proterozoic, & Archarozoic 4500 Life’s Natural History is a record of Successions & Extinctions Cuvier Cuvier First to to document extinction Violent and sudden catastrophes Explains why the fossil record shows abrupt changes in species living in the area Plants and animals were created for their role in the environment, and were unchanged LaMarck LaMarck Believed organisms evolve gradually and progressively into more complex forms through striving for perfection Believed the ultimate goal of perfection was the human Traits were acquired through use and disuse Traits were passed on to offspring Lyell Lyell Wrote a book called Principles of Geology Darwin read the book while aboard the HMS Beagle Showed evidence that the forces of geological change that have been shaping Earth for millennia is observable today Suggested the Earth had been around for a long time Malthus Malthus Population growth theory Population was growing exponentially (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc.) Whereas the food supply grows at an steady rate (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.) This difference in growth influenced both Darwin and Wallace Charles Darwin Charles Darwin 1809-1882 British naturalist Proposed the idea of evolution by natural selection Collected clear evidence to support his ideas Voyage of the HMS Beagle Voyage of the HMS Beagle Darwin was invited to travel around the world on the HMS Beagle 1831-1836 (22 years old!) makes many observations of nature HMS Beagle stopped at the Galapagos Islands Galapagos Islands Most of the animal species on the Galápagos live nowhere else in world, but they resemble species living on South American mainland. 500 miles west of mainland Succession of Types Armadillos are native to the Americas, with most species found in South America. Why should extinct armadillo-like species & living armadillos be found on the same continent? Glyptodont fossils are also unique to South America. Unique Species Darwin found… birds Collected many different birds on the Galapagos Islands. Finch? Thought he found very different kinds… Woodpecker? Sparrow? Warbler? But Darwin found… a lot of finches Darwin was amazed to find out: All 14 species of birds were finches… But there is only one species of finch on the mainland! Large Ground Finch? Finch Small Ground Sparrow? Finch How did one species of finches become so many different species now? Warbler Finch Woodpecker? Veg.Warbler? Tree Finch Correlation of species to food source Seed eaters Flower eaters Insect eaters Rapid speciation: new species filling new niches, because they inherited successful adaptations. Adaptive radiation Darwin’s Finches Differences in beaks Associated with eating different foods Survival & reproduction of beneficial adaptations to foods available on islands Warbler finch Cactus finch Woodpecker finch Sharp-beaked finch Small insectivorous tree finch Large insectivorous tree finch Small ground finch Cactus eater Medium ground finch Insect eaters Seed eaters Vegetarian tree finch Bud eater Large ground finch Darwin’s Finches Darwin’s Conclusions Small populations landed on islands Variation enabled individuals differential success Over many generations, populations changed Accumulation of advantageous traits Emergence of different species Many islands also show distinct local variations in tortoise morphology… …perhaps these are the first steps in the splitting of one species into several? A Reluctant Revolutionary Returned to England in 1836 with all of the information he gathered Wrote a draft in 1844 Left instructions to publish upon death as he was reluctant to publish with regards towards beliefs at the time And then came the letter…. Then, in 1858, Darwin received a letter that changed everything… Alfred Russel Wallace a young naturalist working in the East Indies, had written a short paper with a new idea. He asked Darwin to evaluate his ideas and pass it along for publication. The time was ripe for the idea! To Lyell— Your words have come true with a vengeance… I never saw a more striking coincidence…so all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed. Voyage: 1831-1836 November 24, 1859, Darwin published “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” Essence of Darwin’s ideas Natural selection variation exists in populations over-production of offspring more offspring than the environment can support competition for food, mates, nesting sites, escape predators differential survival Those with better suited traits survive and produce more offspring differential reproduction adaptations become more common in population Variation is heritable