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High Energy Astrophysics - Detectors & Missions Dr. Gerald J. (Jerry) Fishman NASA – Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, AL USA July 4, 2002 High Energy Astrophysics Usual Methods of Study: • X-ray Astronomy • Gamma-Ray Astronomy • Cosmic Ray Astrophysics But Also: Radio, Optical, IR, … (And Two New Astronomies: • Neutrino Astronomy • Gravitational Astronomy ) Electromagnetic Spectrum / Temperature Scale Discovery of Cosmic Rays - 1912 • In a balloon, at an altitude of 5,000 meters Victor Hess, the father of cosmic ray research, discovered "penetrating radiation" coming from space. V.F. Hess (1883-1964) – Nobel Prize 1936 ‹date/time› ‹footer› ‹#› X-ray & Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” Aperture: Detector: Collimator Coded Aperture Grazing Incidence Mirror Nothing (Un-collimated) . . CCD Proportional Counter Scintillation Detector . . . High-Energy Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” : - Compton Telescope - Pair-tracking Telescope - Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope High-Energy Photon Interactions - the Basis for all Detectors • Photoelectric Effect •Compton Scattering •Pair Production Photoelectric Interaction Photon knocks out a bound electron, losing all of its energy to the electron CCDs, Proportional Counters, Scintillation Detectors, . . Compton Scattering Photon scatters off of an electron, losing part of its energy to the electron and continues in another direction Scintillation Detectors, Compton Telescope Pair Production A very high energy electron interacts with matter and produces an electron-positron pair (E=mc2) Used in: Pair-tracking Telescope UHURU (SAS-1) First X-ray Astronomy Satellite 1970-1974 HEAO Program: 1978 - 1982 High Energy Astronomy Observatory - Had Observational Support from AAVSO The Great Observatories (4) : Hubble Space Telescope 1990 - ~2010 Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory 1991 - Chandra X-Ray Observatory 1999 - ~2010 SIRTF 2003 - ~2006 (Space InfraRed Telescope Facility) High Energy Missions 2000 X-Ray Astronomy Collimated Detectors (Non-Focusing) ( - Primarily for sky surveys and timing studies) Timeframe Uhuru (SAS-1), ANS, Ariel-5, SAS-3, HEAO-A1, … 1970s EXOSAT, WATCH/GRANAT, … 1980s BeppoSAX, Rossi-XTE 1990s Focusing X-Ray Optics X-ray Astronomy (Focusing) Einstein (HEAO-2) Currently in Orbit & Operational: CHANDRA XMM-Newton Future: Constellation-X XEUS Constellation – X (Con-X) • Four identical satellites • ~100x present sensitivity • Launched singly or in pairs • Extended truss in orbit Constellation – X (Con-X) Two Spacecraft in Atlas V Shroud Constellation-X Sensitivity XEUS The Xeus Mirror Spacecraft: XEUS Two-Component S/C - flying in formation with Space Station Gamma-Ray Astronomy – Future Developments Hard X-rays & GRBs BATSE Nuclear OSSE H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV) COMPTEL EGRET CGRO HETE-2 SWIFT INTEGRAL Future:GLAST EXIST - Distant Future ACT - Distant Future SWIFT • ~1000 GRBs studied over a three year period • 0.3-2.5 arcsec positions for each GRB • Multiwavelength observatory (gamma, X-ray, UV and optical) • 20-70s reaction time • Five times more sensitive than BATSE • Spectroscopy from 0.2-150 keV • Six colors covering 170-650nm • Capability to directly measure redshift • GRB Positions publicly distributed within seconds SWIFT The INTEGRAL Mission • Scheduled for Launch: Oct. 2002 • Two Major Instruments: IBIS & SPIE • Energy Range: 15 keV to 20 MeV The SPIE Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft Coded Aperture >> Ge Detector Array >> GLAST GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT) Pair-Tracker Section >> Scintillation Detector >> GLAST GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) •Principal Investigator: Charles Meegan, MSFC •No. Detectors: 14 •NaI (12) •BGO (2) 5keV - 1 MeV 150 keV - 30 MeV Un-collimated Scint. Detector Array Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST) •Obscured AGNs •GRBs out to z ~20-30 (~20X BATSE; ~5X Swift sensitivity) • All-sky imaging (5’ resolution; ~5-50”position) every 95min EXIST Detector-collimator & Telescope Side View EUSO – Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays Observed via optical emissions from above: Neutrino Astronomy -Large Amount of Material Needed to Interact with and Detect Neutrinos Gravitational Wave Astronomy Space LISA Ground LIGO LIGO LISA Mission LISA : Scientific Objectives LISA - Baseline, 3 S/C X-ray Astronomy in Japan Hakucho 1979-1985 Tenma 1983-1989 Ginga ASCA 1993-2001 1987-1991 ASTRO-E2 The End Back-up slides Centaurus A High Energy Astrophysics - The study of objects and regions of space where the energy density is much greater than that of normal stars and galaxies Some Objects of HEA: • Compact Objects* & Binary Systems • Cosmic Rays • Solar Flares • AGNs • GRBs, … * - BHs, Neutron stars, Strange stars Gamma-Ray Astronomy - Evolution Balloon Flights – Continuous Development of Instrumentation, Techniques & Initial Observations Early, Small Spacecraft: Explorer-11, SAS-3, COS-B Later, Major Spacecraft: HEAO-1, HEAO-3, GRANAT/SIGMA Compton GRO Hard X-rays & GRBs BATSE Nuclear OSSE COMPTEL H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV) EGRET The IBIS Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft Future Japanese X-ray Mission – ASTRO-E2 • Astro-E lost at launch, Feb. 2000 • Astro-E2 Planned for Feb. 2005 • ~170 Layers of Nested X-ray Mirrors • 4.5-meter Focal Length • Three Major Instruments: •X-ray Spectrometer •X-ray Imaging Spectrometer •Hard X-ray Imaging Detectors