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Fundamental Physics Research will Power the New Internet Invited Talk to the UCSD Physics Department Brown Bag La Jolla, CA January 8, 2001 Larry Smarr, Cal-(IT)2 Cal-(IT)2 Proposed UC San Diego and UC Irvine California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology • • 220 Faculty and Senior Researchers Layered Structure – – – – – • New Funding Model (4 Years) – – – – – – • Materials and Devices Networked Infrastructure Interfaces and Software Strategic Applications Policy State $100M Industry $140M Private $30 M Campus $30M Federal $100-200M Total $400-500M One of Three Awarded Cal-(IT)2 The Conceptual Framework of Cal-(IT)2 www.calit2.net Cal-(IT)2 Novel Materials and Devices are Needed in Every Part of the New Internet Materials and Devices Team, UCSD Cal-(IT)2 Components for Assembling Microdevices Valveless Microfluidics Mechanical Stress and Acceleration Sensors Micro Optical Assemblies (Lenses and Mirrors) MEMS structures fabricated and tested at the UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility Cal-(IT)2 Nanoelectronics Holds the Promise of Extending Moore’s Law “Because of the recent rapid and radical progress in molecular electronics – where individual atoms and molecules replace lithographically drawn transistors – and related nanoscale technologies, we should be able to meet or exceed the Moore’s Law rate of progress for another 30 years.” --Bill Joy, in “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us”, Wired April 2000 Cal-(IT)2 Nanotechnology Blurs the Distinction Between Biology and Physics 50 nanometers IBM Quantum Corral Iron Atoms on Copper Human Rhinovirus Cal-(IT)2 Simulation of Semiconductor Laser Diodes • • Three Interacting Problems – Carrier Transport (Shockley Eqns.) – Electromagnetic Modes (Maxwell Eqns.) – Quantum Mechanical Energy States (Schroedinger Eqns.) Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers – Optical Cavity Formed in Vertical Direction – Light Taken From Top of Device (Surface Emission) – Mirrors Formed by Stacks of Dielectric Layers Hess, Grupen, Oyafuso, Klein, & Register National Center for Computational Electronics Cal-(IT)2 UCSD Cal-(IT)2 Materials and Devices Program Students and Post Docs Technical support staff Faculty Molecular materials/ devices Materials theory/ simulation Spintronics Advanced fabrication and characterization facility: State-of-the-art capability for materials and device processing/analysis Novel electronic materials Advanced display materials GaAs-based low-power MOS Nanoscale ultralow power electronics GaN-based microwave transistors Source: UCSD M&D Group Chemical/ biological sensors Nanophotonic components High-speed optical switches Cal-(IT)2 Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center Proposal • Multidisciplinary Team – UCSD Physics (Schuller, Sham, Dynes, Hellman) – UCSD ECE, Chem, Bioeng, MAE, Chem Eng, others • Nanoscale Devices and Systems Architectures – Nanoelectronics – Nanophotonics • Biosystems at the Nanoscale – Nanofabrication by Biomolecular Recognition – Electrochemical Nanofabrication – Light Tweezers • Nanoscale Structures, Novel Phenomena, and Quantum Effects – Nanolithography and Growth – Nanoscale Characterization – Quantum Effects Cal-(IT)2 Planned Cal-(IT)2 UCSD Clean Room Facility Cal-(IT)2 BI / NCSA Remote Scanning Tunneling Microscope Source: Lyding, Brady Cal-(IT)2 Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics VCSEL + Near-field polarizer : Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH) FBCGH possesses dual-functionality such as focusing and beam steering 0.8 0.6 1.0 Reflectivity TM 0th order efficiency 1.0 Near-field coupling 0.4 TE TM 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 RCWA Transparency Theory 0.0 0.2 1.3 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 Thickness ( mm) 0.80 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 Wavelength m ( m) 2.3 2.5 Micro polarizer VCSEL Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave,and optical fiber from near-field edge and surface coupling FBCGH Grating coupler Fiber tip Near-field E-O coupler +V TM Efficiency 1.0 0.8 -V Near-field E-O Modulator + micro-cavity 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 20 30 Angle (degree) 40 Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD Near-field E-O modulator controls optical properties and near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect Cal-(IT)2 Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances • The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation • The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols • The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission DARPA Cal-(IT)2 Quantum Telecommunications Systems DARPA Proposal • Multidisciplinary Team (UCSD, CalTech) – Physics (Sham, Schuller, Goodkind, Scherer) – Math (Meyers, Wallach) – ECE (Fainman, Yu, Rao, Tu) • Protocols for Secure Quantum Communication • Quantum Devices • General Quantum Telecommunication Systems – Algorithms – Quantum Channel Characterization – Bandwidth Enhancement Cal-(IT)2 Possible Multiple Qubit Quantum Computer • 500 nm SEM picture of posts fabricated at the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility – PI John Goodkind (UCSD Physics) & Roberto Panepucci of the CNF • • Electrons Floating over Liquid He One Electron per Gold Post g round p al ne ni su al to r vo ltage el ad s ni su al to r NSF ITR PROGRAM CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY/ UCSD/MICHIGAN STATE Cal-(IT)2 The Wireless Internet will Transform Computational Science and Engineering • Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3D • Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State • Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors – Give Detailed State Information – Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality • Computational Fields – – – – – Environmental Modeling Civil Infrastructure Responses to Earthquakes Ecological Modeling Biomedical Systems Intelligent Transportation Cal-(IT)2 The Wireless Internet Adds Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid • From Experiments to Wireless Infrastructure • Scripps Institution of Oceanography San Diego Supercomputer Center Cal-(IT)2 • • • Source: John Orcutt, SIO Building on Pioneering Work of Hans-Werner Braun & Frank Vernon Cal-(IT)2 Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online New Bay Bridge Tower with Lateral Shear Links Wireless Sensor Arrays Linked to Crisis Management Control Rooms Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept. Cal-(IT)2 The High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network Linking Astronomical Observatories to the Internet is a Major Driver NSF Funded PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO 45mbps Duplex Backbone http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN Cal-(IT)2 Wireless Antennas Anchor Network High Speed Backbone http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC Cal-(IT)2 Coming -- The Grid Physics Network • Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science – CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider – Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory – Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes) • Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs – – – – Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant 20 Institutions Involved $12 million over four years Requires distributed megacomputer www.griphyn.org Cal-(IT)2 Entropia’s Planetary Computer Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years The Great Mersenne Prime (2P-1) Search (GIMPS) Found the First Million Digit Prime www.entropia.com Deployed in Over 80 Countries Cal-(IT)2 SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers • Running on 500,000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day – • • 485,821 CPU Years so far Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope Next StepAllen Telescope Array Cal-(IT)2 Companies Competing for Leadership in Internet Computing Intel Establishes Peer-to-Peer Working Group Cal-(IT)2 Entropia Donation brings Internet Computing to Scientific Researchers • Two Agreements Announced November 9, 2000 at SC00 – Entropia, Inc., and the Alliance – Entropia, Inc., and the NPACI • Entropia Will Donate 200 Million CPU Hours to PACI Program – Largest Computing Platform for National Academic User Community – Comparable to 10 Years Capacity of the Largest LES Systems • Empower Computational Scientists – Access to Massive Resources • Drive Development of Computer Science – Scalable Computational Algorithms and Techniques Cal-(IT)2