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Big Question: How do astronomers study light? Telescopes Tools for collecting and analyzing electromagnetic radiation (light) in ways beyond what we can do with our eyes alone Properties of Telescopes Aperture: how well the telescope can collect the light. Larger aperture = more light collected (brighter image) Resolution: The ability to distinguish small details of objects http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/users/lin/ast110-6/applets/angular_resol_car_lights.htm Magnification: how much it can magnify the image. Depends on combination of lenses/mirrors Not as important Comparing the 2 Types of Optical Telescopes Refracting Telescope Invented by Hans Lippershey, but perfected by Galileo uses lenses to gather and bend visible light, making things seem larger. Can be a combination of convex (curved outward) or concave (curved inward) lenses An objective or primary lens collects light and sends it to a smaller eyepiece or secondary lens at the back of the telescope tube. Not used much today Reflecting telescopes First developed by Isaac Newton Focus light by “bouncing” it off of mirrors Most commonly used type of telescope today A Better Type of Reflector A Cassegrain design uses a second mirror to reflect the light back through a hole in the primary mirror, and is very common in research telescopes. The detector(s) can be placed behind the mirror in a convenient location for making adjustments Can be combined with lenses to improve image further First Light Project Images taken by Cassegrain Reflector with 20” primary mirror Images taken in black and white using a variety of filters Filters function to view certain colors in an image. For example, the Blue Filter (B) will allow mostly blue light through and absorb the other colors (or wavelengths). The Z Filter (Z’) is for wavelengths in the near-infrared part of the spectrum. The Visible Light Filter (V) is for wavelengths in the middle of the visible spectrum like yellow and green. Jupiter- feedback from FTN team “Your facts are terrific in your justification. Studying our solar system is definitely important to our understanding of how it was formed, the differences in the types of planets, and how to compare that to exoplanet systems around other stars. Jupiter is also important to astronomical history. When Galileo was observing Jupiter in the early 1600s, he discovered its four largest moons, now called the Galilean moons (Europa, Ganymede, Calisto, and Io). The importance of these moons, however, was that they introduced the concept that objects were orbiting other planets, suggesting Earth wasn’t the center of the solar system, as had been previously thought.” In the Jupiter images the B filter images show more of the cloud banding detail, whereas in the z’ filter image, two of the four Galilean moons are visible. Jupiter with B filter Jupiter and two Galilean Moons with Z filter NGC 4414- feedback from FTN team “Though small, this is a nice, bright galaxy to observe. Indeed, Supernova 2013 df was discovered in June of 2013 by four Italian amateur astronomers who are members of the Italian Supernova Search Project. It was only the second SN to be recorded in NGC 4414, the first was in 1974. Unfortunately, while SN2013df reached an apparent magnitude of 13 at the time, its brightness has now decrease beyond what we will discern with the FTN telescope.” NGC 4414 with V filter M104 (Sombrero Galaxy) – feedback from FTN team As you stated, this galaxy is known for its edge-on view of the very bright core and broad ring of obscuring dust. It is one of the largest galaxies at the southern edge of the Virgo Galaxy Cluster. It was also the first galaxy found to have a large redshift in its spectrum, meaning it is moving away from us at high speeds. Originally thought to be a faint nebula within our own galaxy (when discovered in the 1780s), this discovery helped to determine that M104 was outside of the Milky Way and in fact another galaxy. M104 with R filter (Sombrero Galaxy) M51 (whirlpool galaxy) – feedback from FTN team “Great justification and research. In most images, the companion galaxy M51b (NGC5195) appears to be attached or tugging on one of the arms (you’ll see this effect in your data), but from a detailed Hubble Telescope image taken in 2005, it was determined that NGC 5195 is actually passing behind the Whirlpool” Compare the M51 images. Can you see that the image with the B filter shows some brighter splotches in the spiral arms? Those are areas of “recent” star formation where new, bright blue (HOT!) stars have been formed in clusters. M51 B filter M51 V filter Buhl Observatory Sky Watch http://www.carnegiesciencecenter.org/planetarium/buhlplanetarium-skywatch/ Ground-Based Optical Telescope: Yerkes Observatory A 40 inch refracting telescope is located inside the Yerkes Observatory at University of Chicago. It was created in 1897 and remains the largest refracting telescope ever used. Ground-Based Optical Telescope: The Keck Observatory Mauna Kea, Hawaii Largest optical telescope (visible light) until 2009 Twin telescopes with 10m wide mirrors Mauna Kea is the highest peak in the Pacific and is home to 12 telescopes. Why? Adaptive Optics In modern ground-based research telescopes, a computercontrolled mirror support adjusts the mirror surface many times per second to compensate for distortions by atmospheric turbulence Beyond Visible Light… Many modern day telescopes do not use visible light to collect images They collect other wavelengths of light from the Electromagnetic Spectrum radio waves, x-rays, infrared, etc The Helix Nebula in different wavelengths Infrared light Visible light Ground-Based Radio Telescopes A large dish or network of dishes focus the energy of radio waves on to a small receiver Largest telescopes ever constructed Examples: ALMA - Atacama Large Millimeter Array VLA- Very Large Array Atacama desert in Chile 66 networked radio telescopes New Mexico 27 networked radio telescopes Arecibo Observatory Puerto Rico Largest ever built-- 1000 ft across, 167 ft deep, covers 20 acres of land Arecibo Observatory, featured in the Bond movie “Goldeneye” VLA Observatory, featured in Contact and a Transformers movie Interferometry Technique of using an array of telescopes to collect multiple beams of light at one time High resolution/detail Used to measure dimensions of very distant objects ALMA image showing planet formation around HL Tauri VLA image of Cygnus A (a galaxy emitting strong radio waves) Problems with Earth based telescopes Earth’s atmosphere reflects or absorbs certain wavelengths Earth’s atmosphere blurs images our atmosphere and magnetic field serves as a shield for xrays, gamma rays and most UV light the bending of light by the atmosphere depends on the temperature of the “air” “twinkling” (shimmering) effect “Light pollution” Solution? Put the telescope in space. Hubble Space Telescope Launched in 1990, 380 miles above Earth Named for American Astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) who discovered the expansion of the universe Reflecting telescope - Collects visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet Primary mirror is 8 feet across Chandra X-ray Telescope NASA launched it in 1999 Orbits Earth 200 times higher than Hubble Resolving power: equal to reading a road sign from 12 miles away Contains special grazing-incidence mirrors (because x-rays can pass through normal mirrors) Looks at quasars, binary stars, and black holes Chandra video Spiral galaxy M106 James Webb Telescope A large infrared telescope Will be launched in 2018 6.5 meter mirror Longer wavelength coverage and better sensitivity than the Hubble Will observe galaxy & star formation and potential for life on other planets https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X 1m68NSaTYs Disadvantages of Space –based telescopes Expensive to launch and maintain Difficult to repair Short life span Spitzer - infrared Fermi- Gamma Ray Same Space -- Different Light Radio Infrared Optical X-ray Orion Nebula -- Hubble and VLA/GBT X-ray image of a supernova in the large Megallanic Cloud Optical telescope image of same supernova in Megallanic Cloud Radio telescope image of same supernova in Megallanic Cloud X-Ray Optical Radio