Download ACP Semester 2 Final Review

ACP Semester 2 Final Review
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Directions: Write all definitions on a separate piece of paper. Use flashcards if desired.
Physical Science
Ch. 9 Motion
9.1 Describing and Measuring Motion
Define the following:
motion
the state in which one object’s distance from another is changing reference point - a place or
object used for comparison to determine if an object is moving
centi- prefix that means one-hundredth
International System of Units – system of measurement used all over the world yard - a little smaller
than a meter
milli- one thousandth
foot – 12 inches
meter – a little larger than a yard
kilo- one thousand
Scientists around the world use the International system of units__, a system of
measurement based on the number ten.
An object is in _motion_ when its distance from a(n) _object (reference point)_ is changing.
The prefix that means “one hundredth” is ___centi_____.
A meter is a little longer than a ___yard____.
The basic SI unit of length is the ____meter________.
9.2 Speed and Velocity
Define the following:
Speed – distance over time
average speed – total distance divided by total time
Instantaneous speed – the rate at which an object is moving at a given moment in time
Velocity
speed in a given direction
slope – the steepness of a line on a graph
9.3 Acceleration
Define the following:
Acceleration – the rate at which velocity changes
1. What kind of motion does acceleration refer to? an increase or decrease in speed or changing direction
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
2. How is acceleration calculated?
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
3. What graphs can be used to analyze the motion of an accelerating object? speed vs time graph
4. Members of a track club are running a 1.5 km race. What is this distance in meters? 1,500 m
5. Your father is driving to the beach. He drives at one speed for two hours. He drives at a different speed for
another two hours and a third speed for the final hour. How would you find his average speed for all five hours?
Add up his total distance traveled and then divide that by his total time
6. Two objects traveling at the same speed have different velocities if they… are traveling in different
directions
7. An object used as a reference point to determine motion should be… stationary
8. A change in position with respect to a reference point is called…? motion
9. You do not know an object’s velocity until you know its…? Speed and direction
10. If you know a car travels 30 km in 20 minutes, you can find its…?
speed
11. Acceleration is a change in speed or…? direction
12. The rate at which velocity changes is called…? acceleration
13. What is the SI unit for acceleration? (meters per second squared) m/s2
14. What does the slope on a speed-versus-time graph represent? acceleration
15. A passenger walks toward the rear of a moving train. Describe her motion as seen from a reference point on
the train. Then describe it from a reference point on the ground. From a reference point on the train – the
person is moving backwards; from a reference point on the ground, the person is moving forward at a fast rate.
16. Which has a greater speed, a heron that travels 600 m in 60 seconds or a duck that travels 60 m in
5 seconds? Explain. Heron = 10 m/s; duck = 12 m/s; The Duck has the greater speed
17. You have a motion graph for an object that shows distance and time. How does the slope of the graph relate
to the object’s speed? The slope shows the speed of the object. So, the greater the slope, the greater the speed.
18. An insect lands on a compact disc that is put into a player. If the insect spins with the disc, is the insect
accelerating? Why or why not? Yes, because the insect is changing direction and therefor is accelerating
19. Convert 119 cm to meters. 1.19 m
20. Convert 22.4 km to meters. 22,400 m
21. During a slap shot, a hockey puck takes 0.5 second to reach the goal. It started from rest and reached a final
speed of 35 m/s. What is the puck’s average acceleration? 70 m/s2
Ch. 10 Forces
10.1 The Nature of Force
Define the following:
Force a push or a pull
Newton the strength of a force
Net Force the combination of all
forces acting on an object
Unbalanced Forces result in a net force and cause a change in the object’s motion balanced forces do not
change an objects motion.
10.2 Friction and Gravity
Define the following:
Friction
the force that two surfaces exert on one another when they rub against each other static friction
- friction on objects that are not moving
sliding friction – friction that occurs when two solid surfaces slide
over each other
rolling friction – when an object rolls across a surface Fluid friction – when a solid object moves through a
fluid (water, oil, or air) gravity – a force that pulls objects toward each other
mass –a measure of
the amount of matter in an object
weight - the force of gravity on a person or object. Free fall – when the only force acting on an object is
gravity
air resistance – a type of fluid friction acting on objects as the fall through the air
terminal velocity – greatest velocity of a falling object
projectile – an object that is thrown.
10.3 Newton’s First and Second Laws
Define the following:
Inertia – resistance to a change in motion Newton’s 1st Law – an object at rest will remain at rest, an object
moving at a constant velocity will continue moving at a constant velocity, unless it is acted upon boy an
unbalanced force.
Newton’s 2nd Law – acceleration depends on the object’s mass and on the net force acting on the object
10.4 Newton’s Third Law
Define the following:
Newton’s 3rd Law – if one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force of equal
strength in the opposite direction back on the first object momentum- can be determined by multiplying the
object’s mass and velocity
law of conservation of momentum – the total momentum of any group of objects remains the same, or is
conserved, unless outside forces act on the objects.
10.5 Rockets and Satellites
Satellite –any object that orbits around another in outer space
Centripetal force – any force that causes an object to move in a circular path.
22. When an unbalanced force acts on an object, what is the overall force? The overall force would be the net
force
23. Air resistance is what type of friction? fluid
24. What is an example of a projectile? A basketball that has been thrown
25. The resistance of an object to any change in its motion is called what? inertia
26. What is the formula for momentum? Momentum = Mass x velocity
27. Draw a picture of balanced and unbalanced forces.
Unbalanced: 2 N
8N
Balanced: 5N
5N
28. Four children pull on the same toy at the same time, yet there is no net force on the toy. How is
that possible? All of the children are pulling with the same force, so the forces are balanced and there
is no net force.
29. Why do slippery fluids such as oil reduce sliding friction? The fluids keep the surfaces from
making direct contact and thus reduce friction.
30. Will a flat sheet of paper dropped from a height of 2 m accelerate at the same rate as a piece of
paper crumpled into a ball? Why or why not? No, a flat sheet of paper will accelerate more slowly due
to increased air resistance
31. Explain how force, mass, and acceleration are related by Newton’s second law of motion.
Newton’s second law states that force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration
32. Suppose you are an astronaut making a space walk outside your space station when your jet
pack runs out of fuel. How can you use your empty jet pack to get you back to the station? You can
throw your empty jet pack away from the space station. As a result m the reaction force exerted on
you by the jet pack will accelerate you toward the space station.
33. Draw a diagram showing the motion of a satellite around Earth. Label the forces acting on the
satellite. Is the satellite accelerating?
Centripetal force
Gravity
Centripetal Force
34. Four children pull on the same toy at the same time, yet there is no net force on the toy. How is
that possible? (repeat of Question 28)
35. Why do slippery fluids such as oil reduce sliding friction? Repeat
36. Will a flat sheet of paper dropped from a height of 2 m accelerate at the same rate as a piece of
paper crumpled into a ball? Why or why not? Repeat
37.Explain how force, mass, and acceleration are related by Newton’s second law of motion. Repeat
38. Suppose you are an astronaut making a space walk outside your space station when your jet
pack runs out of fuel. How can you use your empty jet pack to get you back to the station? Repeat
39. Draw a diagram showing the motion of a satellite around Earth. Label the forces acting on the
satellite. Is the satellite accelerating? Repeat
40. What kind of friction allows you to walk without slipping? Static Friction
41. You are moving fast on a skateboard when your wheel gets stuck in a crack on the sidewalk.
Using the term inertia, explain what happens. The skateboard stops, but your inertia causes you to
keep moving forward.
42. Look at the diagram below of two students pulling a bag of volleyball equipment. The friction force
between the bag and the floor is 15 N. What is the net force acting on the bag? What is the
acceleration of the bag? The net force is 90 N to the right. The acceleration is 6 m/s2
43. When you drop a golf ball to the pavement, it bounces up. Is a force needed to make it bounce
up? If so, what exerts the force? Yes, the pavement exerts a force on the ball.
44. A 7.3-kg bowling ball accelerates at a rate of 3.7 m/s2. What force acts on the bowling ball? 7.3 kg
x 3.7 m/s2 = 27.01 N
45. A 240-kg snow-mobile travels at 16 m/s. The mass of the driver is 75 kg. What is the momentum
of the snowmobile and driver? (240 + 75) kg x 16 m/s = 5,040 kg·m/s
46. Use the formula for momentum to find the momentum of each ball before and after the collision.
Assume the mass of each ball is 0.4 kg. Before: Blue Ball: 0.8 kg •m/s; Red Ball: 0 kg •m/s; After: Blue
Ball: 0.2 kg •m/s; Red Ball: 0.6 kg •m/s
47. Find the total momentum before and after collision. Is the law of conservation of momentum
satisfied in this collision? Explain. Total momentum before: 0.8 kg •m/s; Total momentum afterwards: 0.8
kg •m/s. Yes, the law of conservation of momentum is satisfied the total momentum before the collision is
equal to the momentum afterwards.
48. The table below shows the mass and velocity of four animals. Which animal has the greatest momentum?
Grizzly Bear
Life Science
Ch. 17 Respiration and Excretion
17.1 The Respiratory System
Define the following:
Respiration
cilia
pharynx
trachea
Bronchi
lungs
alveoli
diaphragm
Larynx
vocal cords
17.2 Smoking and Your Health
Define the following:
Tar
Carbon monoxide
nicotine
Addiction
bronchitis
emphysema
Atherosclerosis
lung cancer
17.3 The Excretory System
Define the following:
Excretion
urea
kidney
urine
Ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
nephron
49. What is the process by which your body processes glucose and oxygen? Cellular respiration
50. The trachea divides into two tubes called what? bronchi
51. What is your voice produced by? (not the voice box) larynx
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the
statement true.
52. Dust particles trapped in mucus are swept away by tiny, hairlike alveoli. False, cilia
53. Clusters of air sacs in the lungs are bronchi. False, alveoli
54. Tar is a chemical in tobacco smoke that makes the heart beat faster. False, Nicotine
55. Urine leaves the body through the ureter. False, urethra
56. Urine is stored in the urethra. False, urinary bladder
57. Explain the difference between breathing and respiration. Breathing consists of taking in and
removing air from the body. Respiration is the series of chemical reactions in cells in which
glucose and oxygen react to release energy.
58. Explain how the alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange in the lungs. Because
there are an enormous number of alveoli, together they have an extremely large surface area.
59. Describe how the diaphragm and rib muscles work together to control inhaling and exhaling.
During inhalation, the diaphragm moved downward, and the rib muscles lift eh chest wall
upward and outward. This increases the volume of the chest cavity and decreases the air
pressure in the lungs. Therefore, air rushes into the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm
moves upward and the rib muscles relax. This makes the chest cavity smaller and increases
the air pressure in the lungs, which pushes air out the lungs.
60. Describe what happens when carbon monoxide enters the body. How does this affect the body?
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, taking the place of oxygen. This deprives the body of
oxygen. The body responds by increasing the breathing and heart rates.
61. Explain two ways in which the kidneys help to maintain homeostasis in the body. Kidneys
maintain homeostasis by removing wastes from the body; if wastes were not removed, they
would poison body cells. In addition, by adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed, kidneys
maintain water balance
62. Explain how babies can develop smoking-related respiratory problems. If babies inhale smoke
from peoples cigarettes, this smoke can damage their respiratory systems.
63. Do you think that drugstores, which sell medicines, should also sell cigarettes and other tobacco
products? Why or why not? Answers vary, I don’t think so because I think cigarettes should not be
easily available. If they are easily available, then people will be tempted to use them and harm their
health.
64. If the walls of the capillary cluster in a nephron were damaged or broken, what substance might
you expect to find in urine that is not normally present? Explain. Proteins could pass into the
nephron and end up in urine. Blood cells might also be found in the urine.
65. Which has a greater surface area, a cube that is 2 cm × 2 cm on a side, or eight cubes that are
each 1 cm × 1 cm on a side? Show your work. Cube = 24 cm3; 8 cube= 48 cm3. The 8 cubes will
have the larger surface area.
66. Use your knowledge of the excretory system and the information in the data table below to
answer Questions 22–25.
67. Identify the major source of water loss during normal weather and the major source of water loss
during hot weather. During normal weather, more urine is produced. During hot weather, more
sweat is produced.
68. How do the data for normal weather and hot weather show that the body is maintaining
homeostasis? During hot weather, the body reduces urine output to keep from dehydrating and
produces sweat to cool the body.
69. What is the total amount of water lost on a hot-weather day? What is the total amount of water
lost during extended heavy exercise? 3400 ml on a hot-weather day; 6700 ml during extended
heavy exercise
70. Use the data to explain why it is important to drink a lot of water when you are exercising heavily.
The body loses a large amount of water through sweat during heavy exercises, so drinking
water helps restore lost water.
Ch. 18 Fighting Disease
18.1 Infectious Disease
Define the following:
Pathogen
infectious disease
toxin
18.2 The Body’s Defenses
Define the following:
Inflammatory response
phagocyte
immune response
lymphocyte
T Cell
antigen
B Cell
antibody
AIDS
HIV
18.3 Preventing Infectious Disease
Define the following:
Immunity
active immunity
vaccination
Vaccine
antibiotic
passive immunity
18.4 Noninfectious Disease
Define the following:
Noninfectious disease
Asthma
Carcinogen
allergy
insulin
allergen
diabetes
histamine
tumor
71. What is the name of the poisons that bacteria produce? Toxins
72. What do B Cells produce that will help the human body? antibodies
73. What is a common chemical that will kill or slow the growth of bacteria? antibiotic
74. Very high levels of glucose in the blood can be a symptom of what noninfectious disease? diabetes
75. Carcinogens cause what type of noninfectious diseases? cancer
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the
statement true.
76. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists are the major human phagocytes. Pathogens
77. A T cell engulfs pathogens and destroys them. Phagocyte (white blood cells)
78. Vaccination produces active immunity. True
79. During an allergic reaction, cells in the body release the chemical insulin. Histamine
80. A tumor is a mass of cancer cells. true
81. List four ways in which a person can become infected with a pathogen. Through contact with an
infected person; soil, food, or water; a contaminated object; or an infected animal
82. Explain why it is difficult for pathogens to get to a part of the body in which they can cause
disease. The body has a natural system of barriers to keep pathogens out. The skin, breathing
passage, the mouth and stomach trap and kill most pathogens
83. What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies? B cells produce antibodies in
response to specific antigens on pathogens; antibodies attach to antigens and prevent the
pathogens from attacking cells.
84. Describe two ways in which active immunity is acquired. What do they have in common? Active
immunity is acquired when a person contracts a disease or receives a vaccination. In both, a
person’s immune system produces antibodies in response to a pathogen.
85. How does diabetes harm the body? Diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin or the inability
of ells to use insulin. This prevents body cells from properly absorbing and using glucose
86. Identify two factors that can make a person likely to develop cancer. Inherited factors and
exposure to environmental carcinogens can increase the likelihood of cancer.
87. Identify each structure labeled below and its role in the immune response.
A) B cell, produces antibodies
B) Antibody, recognizes and destroys pathogens
C) antigen, structure on pathogen recognized by an antibody
88. Why is the immune system successful in fighting most pathogens but is unsuccessful in fighting
HIV? The immune system cannot fight HIV because the virus directly attacks T Cells, and
weakens the body’s immune response. The body loses its ability to produces antibodies that
fight specific diseases.
89. Compare and contrast active immunity and passive immunity. Then, describe one way in which a
person can acquire each type of immunity. Active immunity is a process in which antibodies are
produced by a person’s own immune system in response to the presence of a pathogen. In
passive immunity, antibodies come from a source together than the person’s body. Active
immunity can be acquired by vaccination( or by contracting and recovering from a disease);
passive immunity can be acquired by an unborn baby from its mother (or by injection of
antibodies).
90. What precautions can people take to decrease their risk of cancer? To reduce the risk of
cancer, people can avoid carcinogens such as those found in tobacco. People can also have
regular medical checkups, which would help in detecting cancers earlier.
91. Use the graph to answer Questions 22–25.
A glucose tolerance test can check for diabetes. A doctor gives a patient a sugar drink and measures
the blood glucose level over a 2 hour period. The graph below shows the results of this test for two
people.
92. What was each person’s glucose level at the start of the test? Person A: 75 mg/dL; Person B:
125 mg/dL
93. Which person’s blood glucose level rose more quickly during the first 30 minutes? Person B’s
blood glucose level rose more quickly
94. Which person’s blood glucose level returned to near the starting level after 2 hours? Which
person’s blood glucose level remained elevated after 2 hours? Person A’S blood glucose level
returned to near the starting level after two hours. Person B’s level remained level.
95. Which person may have diabetes? Explain your answer. Person B may have diabetes because
the blood glucose level remained high two hours after drinking the sugar drink. The high level
indicates that glucose is not being taken up by the cells.
Ch. 19 The Nervous System
19.1 How the Nervous System Works
Define the following:
Stimulus
response
neuron
Dendrite
axon
nerve
Interneuron
motor neuron
synapse
19.2 Divisions of the Nervous System
Define the following:
Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Spinal cord
cerebrum
Brain stem
somatic nervous system
Reflex
concussion
19.3 The Senses
Define the following:
Cornea
pupil
iris
Nearsightedness
farsightedness
eardrum
semicircular canal
19.4 Alcohol and Other Drugs
Define the following:
Drug
drug abuse
tolerance
Withdrawal depressant
stimulant
Alcoholism
nerve impulse
sensory neuron
brain
cerebellum
autonomic nervous system
lens
cochlea
retina
addiction
anabolic steroid
96. What is a change or signal in the environment called? stimulus
97. Draw and label all structures of a neuron.
98. Which structure links the brain and the peripheral nervous system together?
99. Which structure adjusts the size of the pupil?
100. Draw and label all structures of the eye.
101. What is it called when someone is physically dependent on a drug? An addiction
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the
statement true.
102. A nerve message is also called a synapse. Nerve impulse
103. The cerebrum is the part of the brain that controls involuntary actions.
104. In nearsightedness, a person can see distant objects clearly.
105. The cochlea is part of the inner ear.
106. Alcohol is a depressant. true
107. Compare the functions of axons and dendrites. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body.
Dendrites carry impulses toward the body.
108. How do the cerebrum and cerebellum work together when you ride a bicycle?
109. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
110. What is the result if the spinal cord is cut?
111. Describe how lenses in eyeglasses correct nearsightedness and farsightedness.
112. List in order all the structures in your ear that must vibrate before you hear a sound.
113. How do anabolic steroids affect the body? Anabolic steroids increase muscle size and strength,
and cause mood changes that can lead to violence
The diagram below shows a synapse. Explain how a nerve impulse crosses the gap.
When a nerve impulse reaches the tip of an axon, chemicals are released into the gap at the synapse. The
chemicals cross the gap and transfer the nerve impulse to another structure.
A person with normal vision stood at different distances from an eye chart and tried to identify the
letters on the chart. The line graph gives the results.
114. What variable is plotted on the x-axis? On the y-axis?
115. As the distance from the eye chart increases, what happens to the percentage of letters
identified correctly?
116. What was the manipulated variable in this experiment? What was the responding variable?
117. How would you expect the results to differ for a farsighted person? Explain.