Download Chapter 4- Rocks: Mineral Textures

Chapter 4- Rocks: Mineral
Textures
By Samantha Pereira
Chapter Summary
This
chapter will tell you
about the rock cycle, and
the different types of
rock and how they are
formed.
Lesson 1: The Rock
Cycle
Lesson 1 Vocabulary
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Rock cycle- the series of processes in which a rock
forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed,
and forms again by geological processes
Rock- a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more
minerals or organic matter
Erosion- the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity
transports soil and sediment from one location to
another
Deposition- the process in which material is laid down
Composition- the chemical makeup of a rock; describes
either the minerals or other materials or other materials
in the rock
Texture- the quality of a rock that is based on sizes,
shapes, and positions of the rock’s grains
Summary of Lesson
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Rock has been an important natural
resource as long as humans have
existed. Early humans used rock to
make tools. Ancient and modern
civilizations have used rock as a
construction material.
Weathering, erosion, deposition, and
uplift are all processes that shape the
surface of the Earth.
The rock cycle is the continual process
by which new rock forms from old rock
material.
The sequence of events in the rock
cycle depends on processes, such as
weathering, erosion, deposition,
pressure, and heat, that change the
rock material.
Composition and texture are two
characteristics that scientists use to
classify rocks.
The composition is determined by the
size, shape, and positions of the grains
that make up a rock.
Lesson 2: Igneous Rock
Lesson 2 Vocabulary
 Intrusive
igneous rock- rock formed
from the cooling and solidification of
magma beneath the Earth’s surface
 Extrusive igneous rock- rock that
forms as a result of volcanic activity
at or near the Earth’s surface
Summary of Lesson
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Igneous rock forms when
magma cools and
hardens.
The texture of igneous
rock is determined by the
rate at which the rock
cools.
Igneous rock that
solidifies within Earth’s
surface is intrusive.
Shapes of common
igneous intrusive bodies
include batholiths, stocks,
sills, and dikes.
Lesson 3: Sedimentary Rock
Lesson 3 Vocabulary
Strata-
layers of rock
Stratification- the
process in which
sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
Lesson Summary
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Sedimentary rock forms at or
near the Earth’s surface.
Clastic sedimentary rock forms
when rock or mineral
fragments are cemented
together.
Chemical sedimentary rock
forms from solutions of
dissolved minerals and water.
Organic limestone forms from
the remains of plants and
animals.
Sedimentary structures include
ripple marks, mud cracks, and
raindrop impressions.
Lesson 4: Metamorphic Rock
Lesson 4 Vocabulary
Foliated- the texture of metamorphic rock
in which the mineral grains are arranged
in planes or bands
 Nonfoliated- the texture of metamorphic
rock in which the mineral grains are not
arranged in planes or bands
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Lesson Summary
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Metamorphic rocks are rocks in
which the structure, texture, or
composition has changed.
Two ways rocks can undergo
metamorphism are by contact
metamorphism and regional
metamorphism.
As rocks undergo metamorphism,
the original minerals in rock change
into new minerals that are more
stable in new pressure and
temperature conditions.
Foliated metamorphic rock has
mineral crystals aligned in planes or
bands, whereas nonfoliated rocks
have unaligned mineral crystals.
Metamorphic rock structures are
caused by deformation.
Sources
Science textbook
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