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Tom Karen Paul Jessie B. Ethan Leah Katie Jess Brianna Emily Bear Abby Melissa Jesse Jessie C. Soil~ The top layer of the earth's surface, consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with organic matter. • O Horizon~ Organic Matter( No Mineral) •A Horizon~ Mixture of organic matter and minerals •B Horizon~ Slightly weathered mineral •C Horizon~ Unweathered mineral •Bedrock Topsoil is a crucial layer because it holds moisture and very important nutrients for plant life. It takes about 500 years to develop 1 new inch of topsoil. Topsoil has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms. A good way to tell what kind of history a piece of land has is through it’s soil. If the soil in a given piece of land contains large round rocks, it is safe to assume that at one point in time a river was running through that land. Another way to tell the history of a piece of land is if the line of separation between the A Horizon (organic matter and minerals) and the O Horizon is a straight line. This indicates that the land was once plowed.