Download Imperialism and the Response to it

Imperialism and the Response
to it
Part one:
China and Japan
Part two:
India
Imperialism
• Definition: The policy of extending one
country’s rule over many lands.
– This rose up out of the nationalism that
spread across Europe as a result of
Napoleon’s conquests.
• “My country is the greatest”
• Nations began to compete to see who was the
greatest
– How? Whoever had the strongest military, economy and
controlled the most land (wealth) was the greatest.
» Hence, Imperialism
Imperialism
• How did the country’s being imperialized
respond?
– Four examples:
•
•
•
•
China
Japan
India
Africa
Imperialism
• Enduring Understanding: Western
countries colonized large areas of Africa
and Asia, leading to major political and
cultural changes.
Imperialism
• China’s Response:
– Opium War: 1839-1842
• Trade inspired war between Britain and China.
• Seen as the beginning of European imperial
policies towards China.
• Trade with China was one way: China did not
import much from Europe.
– British thought Opium might be a good import for China.
– Britain would use trade to get a foothold into countries.
• Chinese govt attempted to end this trade.
– Chinese leaders knew opium was not a good thing for
their citizens.
The Opium War 1839-1842
• British began to bring opium into China in
the early 19th century.
• By 1729 the Chinese emperor prohibited
the sale of the product.
• British ship brought it in secretly
– 1730---15 tons
– 1773---75 tons
• 1799 Chinese emperor renewed ban
– “Opium is harmful, poisonous and
undermines our good customs and morality”
The Opium War 1839-1842
• Ban had little effect:
– By 1820’s: 900 tons entered China
– By 1838: 1400 tons
• Emperor appointed a strict commissioner
to prevent opium trade in Canton
• Britain and China relationship deteriorated
Imperialism
• Events Leading to Opium War:
– 1. Two British sailors murdered a Chinese man.
• British tried them under their own law.
• China wanted to also try them.
– 2. Differences over opium led to Chinese
Official Destroyed British Opium
– British were kicked out of China.
• Result: War. British used Hong Kong as a base.
– British won the war.
• British technology far superior to China’s due to China’s
isolation.
• Treaty of Nanjing ended war.
– British gained control of Hong Kong
– It committed China to free trade including opium.
– Ports were open to all traders.
– Victory for British meant the opening of China to trade,
land and British influence.
Imperialism
A Chinese ship is destroyed by the Nemesis
Imperialism
• Summarize:
– China did not want British influence in their
country.
– Britain wanted influence in China for trade,
land, wealth (imperial motives)
– China’s attempt to ward off British
imperialism failed.
Imperialism China
• Essential Questions: China
– 1. What factors motivated Europeans to
colonize areas in Asia and Africa?
– 2. How did Britain attempt to get itself into
China? What was the result?
Imperialism
• Japan’s Response:
– Meiji Restoration: 1866-1869
• A chain of events that led to a change in Japan’s
political and social structure.
• 1868 Tokugawa Shogunate lost its power, and the
emperor, Mutsuhito, was restored to supreme
position. He ruled Japan directly.
• Emperor took name Meiji, “enlightened rule”.
• Emperor Mutsuhito wanted to modernize Japan.
He sent officials to Europe and US.
• Before the Meiji took over, the nation was weak
militarily, agricultural and had little technology, and
was controlled by 100’s of feudal lords.
Imperialism
• Meiji Restoration:
– When the Meiji period ended in 1912 with the
death of the emperor, significant changes:
• Centralized government
• A constitution with an elected parliament
• Well developed transport and communication
system.
• Educated population with no feudalism.
• A growing industrial center with latest technology
• Powerful army and navy
Imperialism
• Summarizing:
– Japan’s response to imperialism was to
adopt many western ideals: democracy,
capitalism and strong, modern military and
industry.
– Japan did not keep western ideas out, it
embraced them.
• Students were sent to Europe and the United
States to study modern science and technology,
while foreign experts were hired to help establish
factories and educational institutions.
– It became equal with western powers.
Imperialism: Japan
• Essential Questions: Japan
– 1. How was Japan’s response to imperialism
different from China’s?
– 2. What changes were made in Japan by the
Meiji?
Imperialism
• India’s Response:
– By the middle of the nineteenth century, the British
had come to believe they were a chosen race; chosen
to distribute the benefits of western civilization to the
backward areas of the globe. That the inhabitants of
such areas often didn’t want these benefits and
certainly not the accompanying British control of their
lives was immaterial to Britain’s sense of a mission.
Native opposition frequently required military force to
be brought against it and few years passed without
the British Army being involved, somewhere in the
empire, in a continual series of border skirmishes and
punitive expeditions.
Imperialism
• India’s Response:
– Indian Mutiny:
• Also known as the Sepoy Rebellion. Sepoys were Indian soldiers
serving in the army of the East India Company.
• 1857–58, revolt that began with Indian soldiers from the British East
India Company
• Became a widespread uprising against British rule in India. It is also
known as the Sepoy Rebellion, Sepoys being the native soldiers.
Imperialism
• Sepoy Rebellion: Began with a rumor that
cartridges used with the British Enfield rifle
were greased with pig or cow fat. Such
cartridges needed to be ripped open using
the soldier’s teeth before loading.
– Indian soldiers saw this as a forced way to get
them to convert to Christianity
Imperialism
• Indian Mutiny:
– Rebellions against British colonial rule of India.
– Other Causes of Rebellion:
• British Political expansion in India.
• Harsh land policies (cash crops): If a landowner did not have
a male heir, the land became property of the British East
India Company.
• Rapid introduction of European civilization: outlawing of
certain customs: child marriage and suttee.
• Heavy tax burden.
• Indian soldiers not happy with pay.
– Feared forced conversion to Christianity
– All of these threatened traditional Indian Civ.
Imperialism
• Indian Mutiny
– Revolt began on May 10, 1857.
– Spread throughout N. India
• Cities such as Delhi were captured.
– Savageries were committed on both sides.
– British realized the need to reform.
• By 1858, British East India Company abolished
and rule was assumed by the British crown.
– Religious toleration, equal rights, etc.
Effects of Rebellion
• Mughal empire was officially abolished
– Sent last emperor into exile
• Proclamation of 1858:
– British assumed direct rule of India
• 1867: Queen Victoria becomes the Empress of
India
Delhi 1911
 Delhi became the
capital of British
India
 The Delhi Durbar
was held to
celebrate the
coronation of the
King & Queen
 Means: “court of
Delhi”
 1911: was the first
time royals attended
Delhi Durbar
 Imperial Crown
 Created for
coronation of
George V
 Kept in the tower of
London
Imperialism
• Summarizing:
– Indians resisted
European civilization
being forced upon
them.
– This rebellion marks
the first stirrings of
active Indian
nationalism.
Imperialism: India
• Essential Questions: India
– 1. Did Indians welcome British imperialism
or were they opposed to it? Prove your
answer.
– 2. Why was India such an important colony
to Britain?
Imperialism
• Essential Question: Why did European
nations seek to colonize Africa?
• Today, we look at imperialism in Africa
Imperialism: Africa
• 1) Why colonize Africa?
– A) Land:
• Agriculture
– Cash crops: Crops grown for export not consumption
» Tobacco, coffee, cotton, palm oil
• Land provided power to European countries
– B) Resources
• Raw materials: rubber, ivory, wood, oil
• Minerals: gold, silver, copper, nickel, diamonds,
coal
– C) Spread Christianity: Conversion
– D) Scientific knowledge
Imperialism
• Therefore:
• Most intense competition for colonies was in
Africa.
• 1875: European nations controlled 10% Africa
• 1900: European nations controlled 90% Africa.
– How?
» New Medical knowledge: Cure malaria
» Maxim Gun: early machine gun
Imperialism
Why did Europeans colonize Africa?
Competed for land over the entire continent:
–
–
–
–
–
French, Italians and British: North Africa
French and Germans: West Africa
Belgians and Germans: Central Africa
Portuguese, British, Germans: South Africa
Italians, British, Germans: East Africa
» Caused Big Problems
• Berlin Conference, 1885: Called to settle land
disputes among European nations in Africa.
– Divided Africa among the competing European nations
– No African groups were invited to attend
Imperialism
• Africa after the Berlin
Conference
Portugal
Spain
Germany
Italy
Great Britain
France
Imperialism
• Exploration: “What do we own?”
• European nations sent out explorers to find out
exactly what was in the land they now controlled:
resources, peoples, flora and fauna etc.
– Mungo Park, Scottish: Explored Niger River.
– Rene Caillie, French: First to cross Sahara, searched for
Timbuktu.
– Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke, British: source
of Nile River.
– David Livingstone: British doctor, missionary. Explored
interior of Africa, treated ill and opened hospitals. Victoria
Falls.
Imperialism
– African response to Imperialism: Zulu Wars
• Zulu fought land takeover by Boer and British
– South Africa: Bitter power struggle developed
among local African groups, Dutch settlers and British
• Zulu: African tribe that migrated into South Africa
by early 1800’s. Great leader: Shaka
• Boers: Dutch settlers in South Africa. Settled
Capetown in 1652. Used locals as slaves.
• British: won control of Cape Town from Boers in
early 1800’s.
– Great Trek: Boers retreated north to get away
from British.
Imperialism
• BOER and ZULU clash over land
– 1850’s: Boers set up two independent republics on Zulu land: Orange
Free State and the Transvaal.
– The two fought for years for control of the land.
– British helped Boers to defeat the Zulu, who were led by Shaka
Imperialism
Imperialism
• Southern Africa under Shaka and the
Zulu
• The Mfecane: Zulu vs. other African tribes
– Mfecane "the Crushing“. Events following the
rise to power of Shaka who created a
militaristic kingdom. He conquered some
tribes and forced other tribes to leave the area,
opening the way for European settlement.
• Very bloody.
Imperialism
Shaka Zulu
Imperialism
– British Imperialistic need for South Africa
– Discovery of Diamonds and Gold in South
Africa
• Boer War, 1900: between British and Boers for
control of Boer territory and gold/diamonds.
– British won.
– Cecil Rhodes:
• British miner looking for gold and diamonds in South Africa
• By 1889 he controlled 90% of the world’s diamond output.
Imperialism
– Cecil Rhodes:
• British miner looking for
gold and diamonds in
South Africa
• By 1889 he controlled
90% of the world’s
diamond output.
• Believer in British
Imperialism
• Founder of Rhodesia,
later (1895) named
after him.
• Founder of De Beers
diamond company
• Set up Rhodes
Scholarship.
Cecil Rhodes
"I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of
the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race."
Imperialism
• British Control of South Africa
– 1908: British create Union of South Africa
out of various colonies.
• Granted self government
• Only whites could vote. Majority of white
population: Boers. They controlled
government.
• Established Apartheid: separation of races.
– Blacks barred from voting
– Blacks lived separately from whites
– Ended in 1990.
Imperialism
• Summarization:
– European nations desired land in Africa
• For its resources
– The Berlin Conference split up Africa amongst
those European nations.
– Colonialism and mistreatment of the Africans
followed.
– Groups like the Zulu fought against further
European expansion.
Imperialism: Africa
• Essential Questions: Africa
– 1. Why did European nations seek to
imperialize Africa?
– 2. Give an example of African response to
imperialism.
– 3. What exactly did the Berlin Conference
accomplish?
Africa: Colonization