Download Mineral Notes - Student Copy

Everything that has mass and
volume is called matter.
_______: Amount of material in an object
Volume: ___________________________________
Atoms with certain consistent
characteristics are called….
Elements: Substances that can NOT be
broken into simpler substances
• Symbols: Latin and Greek in Origin
– Usually given the 1st letter of the name or the
1st two letters in the elements name as the
symbol
• Periodic Table
– Organizes the elements horizontally by atomic
number
– Vertically by similar element properties
Atoms
• Smallest part of an element that has all the
properties of that element
• Model
– ___________ – moving charged particles with
a negative charge
– Protons – _________________________
– ___________ – in nucleus with no charge
How are Protons, Neutrons, &
electrons related?
• ___________= atomic number
• # electrons = ______________________
• # protons + # neutrons ______________
Ions & Bonding
• ______: An atom with a positive or
negative charge due to loss or gain of an
electron
– Gain ________________________________
– Loss ________________________________
– Opposites charges attract holding the atoms
together called ____________________
• _______________: electrons are shared by
atoms instead of given up
But!!!
Not all atoms of the
same element are
the same, either.
Certain isotopes of elements are
___________, or __________.
(example: Carbon-14 and
Uranium-238)
These radioactive isotopes of
elements allow us to do
absolute-age dating!
Most substances on Earth are
not pure elements but rather….
???
A Compound is…..
A substance
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________.
A Mixture, on the other hand,
is…
A substance
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
Elements by
themselves are much
less common than
__________, because
they tend to combine
with each other to form
Compounds.
Elements and Compounds in their
solid form make up…
A _________ is a naturally
occurring _________ with a
definite chemical composition and
a ___________ structure.
That means that…
•It can’t be organic in
origin
•It can’t be a liquid
and..
•It has to have a crystal
structure
Lets put that in a list format.
1. Minerals are a __________
occurring substance.
2. Minerals are ________.
3. Minerals have ________
_________________________
_________________________.
4. The atoms that make up minerals
are arranged in an orderly
_____________________________
_____________________________
5. Minerals are inorganic.
(___________________________
___________________________)
How many different minerals are
there on Earth???
Answer:
Most Minerals are Compounds
___________________________________
Ex: Quartz: Silicon and Oxygen
Ex: Halite – Sodium and Chlorine
Ex: Galena – Lead and Sulfur
Minerals can have only 1 element
• ___________( native element)
– Ex: Gold, Silver, Copper, Sulfur,
Diamond
More than ___% of all of the
minerals in the Earth’s Crust,
however, are made up of
compounds containing Silicon
and Oxygen, the two most
abundant elements on Earth.
High Silica content forms lightcolored rocks.
While _______ (but only by about
25%) Silica content forms darkercolored rocks.
How do Minerals Form???
1. Minerals form in cooling ______ chambers
Different types of minerals
crystallize at different temperatures
Decreasing temperature
___________ Reaction Series
Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber
2. Metamorphic Minerals:
Some minerals occur as the
result of Recrystallisation and
Reaction within existing rocks
which produces new minerals
in response to changes in
_____________& __________
3. Some types of minerals form
as water containing dissolved
______ slowly evaporates.
Salt deposits
How long does it take for
minerals to form??
• Minerals in solution in water can form
relatively ________ when the water
evaporates.
• Minerals in magma can form as _______ as
the magma/lava can crystallize (lava can
cool in minutes, while magma can take
thousands of years).
•A Crystal is: A regular geometric solid with smooth
surfaces called _________________
•The orderly arrangement of ______,
_________, or ______, in any mineral
determines the shape of its crystals.
Although there are thousands of
different types of minerals, their
crystals come in six basic types
of shapes
Only 30 of the 4,000 known
minerals are common.
These 30 minerals are
known as the
______________________r
ock-forming minerals
Most rock-forming minerals
are…
\
The percent composition
of Silicate minerals in a
rock determines the type
of rock it is.
•Rocks that have a high
percentage of Silicates are light
in color, and are called ______
rocks.
•Rocks that have a low
percentage of Silicates are dark
in color, and are called
______ rocks.
•Rocks are often made of
several different _______
How are minerals most often
identified?
Minerals are most often
identified by inspecting their
___________ and ____________
Properties.
Color
Color is the most easily _______________,
but least ___________________ property of a
mineral for identification.
This is because the color of many minerals
________________ with the kind of
impurities in the mineral.
Luster
The way a mineral _________________ in
the light.
Either _____________________ or
_______________________
Streak
Streak is the color of the _______________
left on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed
on it.
Why is streak more reliable than color?
Cleavage
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to
_____________ in a particular direction.
Fracture
Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to
____________ in directions other than along
crystal faces or cleavage surfaces.
Has ____________, rough, or jagged surfaces.
Hardness
Hardness is the ___________________ of a
mineral to being scratched.
The __________ ________________ Scale is
one of the most effective tool for identifying
minerals.
Specific Gravity
• The specific gravity of a mineral is the
ration of its weight ________________
with the weight of an equal volume of water
• Differences in density: D= ____________
• Gold has specific gravity of _____
• It means gold is _____ times heavier than
water
Other Properties
•
•
•
•
•
Reaction to _______________
Striation
Magnetism
_________________
Radioactivity
Mineral Groups
• Silicates (most abundant)
• Non-silicates
- Oxides
- Carbonates
- Sulfides
- Halides
- Native elements (single ___________)
Mineral Groups - Silicates
• Silicates
- Tetrahedron
- fundamental building block
- 4 oxygen ions surrounding
a much smaller silicon ion