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This is the downward movement of material under the influence of gravity Water can play an important role, but gravity is the main element All slopes are in a state of dynamic equilibrium between gravitational forces and resisting forces. Factors that resist gravity include the materials strength and cohesion vegetation internal friction between grains Angle of underlying rock Factors that help gravitational forces increasing the slope angle under cutting of the slope amount of weathering amount of water moving through material overloading slopes with new material Erosion by a river increases slope angle Excavation at the base of a slope can lead to slope instability i.e. road cut along slopes Slope failure caused by over loading The angle at which the underlying rock is inclined has a major impact on mass wasting. Mass wasting is often caused by a force that temporarily disturbs the slope equilibrium •Earthquakes •Heavy rain •Leakage from water pipes and swimming pools •Volcanic eruptions • explosions • thunder Falls •Rockfalls Slides •Slump •Rockslide Flows •Mudflow •Debris flow •Creep •Solidification Complex movements A Rockfall is any rapid mass movement in which rocks fall through the air. Which rocks are more likely to have rockfalls? Fractured, steep slope Slides: These are slow to rapid movement of material along one or more surfaces. Slumps are Usually slow to moderate in speed Movement along a curved surface Usually in unconsolidated materials like soil Rockslides are rapid to very rapid movement along a planar surface A Slump Slump caused by erosion in southern California Rock slides Flows: These are mass movements where the material moves as a viscous fluid or plastic movement Mudflows are very rapid and contain a lot of water and mud Earthflows are slow to moderate movement of material down a slope which leaves an exposed scrape. Solidification is the slow downward movement of water saturated soil. Common in areas of permafrost Creep is extremely slow movement of soil & rock downhill An Earth flow: Solidifluction: in Alaska Creep Solutions to Mass wasting: Surface and subsurface drainage of hillsides Replanting of vegetation Reduce the angle of slope Putting in retaining walls and bolting rock faces