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8.3 Bonding Theories > Molecular Orbitals C. Bonding Theory: 1. molecular orbitals: When two atoms combine, the molecular orbital model assumes that their atomic orbitals overlap to produce orbitals that apply to the entire molecule. a. belongs to a molecule as a whole. 2. bonding orbital: when a covalent bond is occupied by two electrons. Slide 1 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Bonding Theories > Molecular Orbitals a. sigma bond: two atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting two atomic nuclei. b. pi bond ( bond): bonding electrons are found in sausage-shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded atoms. F F F--—-F Slide 2 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Bonding Theories > Molecular Orbitals Pi-bonding Molecular Orbital Slide 3 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Bonding Theories > VSEPR Theory 3. VSEPR (valence-shell electron-pair repulsion) theory: repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust so that the valence-electron pairs stay as far apart as possible. Slide 4 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Bonding Theories > VSEPR Theory a. Nine Possible Molecular Shapes Slide 5 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Bonding Theories > Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Single Bonds Slide 6 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Bonding Theories > Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Double Bonds Slide 7 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Bonding Theories > Hybrid Orbitals Hybridization Involving Triple Bonds Slide 8 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bonding Theories > Hybrid Orbitals Simulation 7 Compare sp, sp2, and sp3 hybrid orbitals. Slide 9 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Section Quiz. 1. A molecular orbital belongs to a a. specific atom. b. molecule as a whole. c. specific pair of atoms. d. central atom. Slide 10 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Section Quiz. 2. VSEPR theory enables prediction of 3dimensional molecular shape because the valence electron pairs a. are attracted to each other. b. form molecules with only four possible shapes. c. stay as far apart as possible. d. always form tetrahedral shapes. Slide 11 of 28 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8.3 Section Quiz. 3. Orbital hybridization provides information about a. both molecular bonding and molecular shape. b. both molecular bonding and bond energy. c. neither molecular bonding nor molecular shape. d. neither molecular bonding nor bond energy. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 12 of 28