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Unit 4: The Atom & the Electron Configurtation James Hutchison The Atom & the Electron Configurtation • Atomic orbitals • The regions in which electrons are likely to be found • Principle Quantum numbers (n) • • Refers to a major energy level in an atom These principle energy levels are assigned values in order of increasing energy (n=1, n=2, n=3, and so on) • The principal energy levels have a specific number of sublevels • • • The sublevels are designated by the principle energy number and s, p, d, or f Sublevels have specific numbers of orbitals The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a principle energy level is given by the formula 2n2, where (n) is the principle quantum number. − EX. Energy level n=3: 2(32) = 2(9) = 18 electrons The Atom & the Electron Configurtation • Atomic orbitals (cont) • • Atomic Orbitals are denoted by the letters s, p, d & f (from inner to outer) Atomic orbital shapes: • • • • • • s = spherical (there is 1 orbital) p = dumbbell-shaped (there are 3 orbitals) d = clover-leaf (there are 5 orbitals, but only 4 of the 5 are this shape) f = too complicated to describe. (there are 7 orbitals) The number and kinds of atomic orbitals depends on the energy sublevel Nodes are areas where the probability of finding electrons is low The Atom & the Electron Configurtation • Atomic orbitals (cont) S→ ←p http://www.uky.edu/~holler/html/orbitals_2.html The Atom & the Electron Configurtation • Electron Configurations • The ways in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom • Three rules explain how to find the electron configuration of atoms - • Aufbau principle – e enter the lowest energy level first • Pauli exclusion principle – an atomic orbital may - hold at most 2 e . They must have opposite spins. − A vertical arrow indicates an electron and direction of spin (↑ or ↓). - • Hund’s rule – when e occupy orbitals of equal - energy, one e enters each orbital until all the - orbitals contain one e with parallel spins The Atom & the Electron Configurtation • Shorthand Electron configurations: • a. Involves writing the energy level and the symbol for every sublevel occupied by an electron. (EX. 1s) • b. A superscript number indicates the number of electrons occupying that sublevel. (EX. 1s1) • Aufbau Diagram – the diagonal rule 14