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Arts Teaching Kit for Senior Secondary Curriculum Visit: Central Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods [Student notes] Organizer Sponsor Research Team Contents Preamble Learning plan i 1.1 Itinerary 01 1.2 Background information: Central 02 1.3 Identifying different architectural styles 1.4 Checkpoints 03 04 1City Hall 04 07 2 Old Supreme Court (Former Legislative Council Building) 3HSBC Main Building 09 4 Bank of China Tower 11 5 The Old Diary Farm Depot South Block (Fringe Club) 13 6 Duddell Street steps & gas lamps 14 Appendix: Western architectural styles 15 Summary, Key words and Further reading 16 Disclaimer Create Hong Kong of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region provides funding support to the project only, and does not otherwise take part in the project. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in these materials/events (or by members of the project team) do not reflect the views of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Communication and Technology Branch of the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, Create Hong Kong, the CreateSmart Initiative Secretariat or the CreateSmart Initiative Vetting Committee. Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Visit: Central — Architectural forms in different time periods Topic 09 Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Interdisciplinary teaching areas Visual Arts Design and Applied Technology Visual Arts Appreciation and Criticism in Context • Strand 3 Value and Impact • Formal knowledge Liberal Studies • Modes of presentation • M2 Hong Kong Today • Knowledge of history and ways of seeing • Knowledge in context Learning objectives • B e aware of the relationship of the historical backgrounds and architectural styles of different buildings. • U nderstand the functions in each building and the effort put to retain the structure throughout different times. Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Major teaching areas Learning plan Lesson Contents Field Trip • Planned itinerary for the field trip Central • Historical background of Central • Architectural styles • Background information of various buildings • On-site exercise i 1.1 Itinerary Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods 1 2 5 3 6 4 Pre-Trip Introduction (20 min) • Background information of Central and architectural styles • Objectives and introduction of on-site exercises • Planned route Field Trip (approximately 2 hours) 20 min 15 min 15 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 1 2 3 4 5 6 HSBC Main Building Bank of China Tower Fringe Club Duddell Street steps & gas lamps City Hall Old Supreme Court (For(Foyer) mer Legislative Council Building) 01 1.2 Background Information: Central Central - the development of the heart of an international city Central, the political and cultural centre Central has long been the cultural and political centre of Hong Kong since Hong Kong Island was occupied by the British in 1841. Globalization has had profound influence on this area in terms of the following aspects: Major public space As the heart of political administration, living and trade, a number of public parks were built in Central since the 19th century by the colonial government. The current Chater Garden was the former cricket ground for the British, while the Statue Square was once a place for political and military parade. These parks have now become popular grounds for leisure activities as well as public demonstrations. The heart of politics and administration The concentration of government offices and buildings is an evidence to show Central being the heart of political and administrative centre for the past 171 years. The building cluster on the Government Hill and its central axis pointing straight towards the Victoria Harbour is a display of the former colonial government’s authority over the city. Important government buildings such as the Government House, the Central Government Offices, the Former French Mission Building and the Old Supreme Court have created a closely articulated setting which helped ensure the government’s effective controls over colonial politics and administration. The significance of the Anglican Church for the British is manifested by the location of St. John’s Cathedral on the Government Hill, a political centre. After the handover of the sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, the political significance has been shifting away from the Government Hill. In 2012, the Central Government Complex at Tamar was officially opened for use. It is located right next to the People’s Liberation Army Hong Kong Building. The financial centre Due to the open economic policy exercised by the former British colonial government, tremendous foreign investment was attracted to Hong Kong. As a famous entrepôt in the world, Central is regarded as the CBD (Central Business District) with a large number of office towers which facilitates trade and communication. Iconic buildings have been erected, symbolizing the financial powers behind. These buildings are mostly in western or modern architectural style, making Hong Kong one of the most distinctive metropolis in the world. The increasing global financial and commercial trade has led to the blooming infrastructural development in Hong Kong, especially in Central. Both inter- and intra-city transportation networks are located in Central for easy accessibility. Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods © ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User The following modes of transport or network can be found in Central: Intra-district: Central elevated walkway system, Mid-Levels escalator system Intra-city: MTR, ferry, bus, tram, minibus Inter-city: Airport Express (Hong Kong Station to Hong Kong International Airport) The Central Elevated Walkway(中區行人天橋)is an extensive network of escalators and footbridges in Central and Western district. The walkway provides an all-weather passage to facilitate pedestrian access between Jardine House, Chater House and the General Post Office. This also helps alleviating pressure of vehicle traffic. 02 1.3 Identifying different architectural styles One can easily identify the architectural style of a building by observing its external appearance as well as its form of space and details of building. 2. Technology With the advancement of technology, more building materials have been invented, widening the choices and possibilities of architectural design. Steel and sheet glass are commonly used in modern architecture, but they were not as widely used until their mass production was made available during the 19th century Industrial Revolution. Nowadays, apart from these High-tech materials, natural materials such as sustainable wood are also popular. On the other hand, more buildings are becoming ‘digitized’, using digital building skin in LED and TV screens as their changeable façade. 3. Cultural and Social Influence Lastly, the architectural form and the aesthetic appearance are not only influenced by the above, but also affected by the culture and social values of the time. Even within two close periods or using similar techniques, the building form could be very different. Taking the Old Supreme Court (Legislative Council Building) for example, the building is in a colonial style influenced by Western aesthetics. However, to better suit the local climate, some details, such as the Chinese tile roof, are a reflection of Chinese influence. The stone used was granite, a locally available material of Hong Kong. When identifying the style of a building... When designing a building often the designers are influenced not only by its time but reference to its site context. 1 3 Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods 1. Building Materials The choice of building materials is not only affected by aesthetic concerns but also the level of technology at the time of construction, as well as the availability of the material. Natural materials such as stone and wood were popular before the invention of concrete and steel. For example, most ancient Roman buildings were built in stones, especially marble, a material naturally abundant in Italy. However, for many modern cities, concrete, glass and steel are the more popular materials as it is quicker to build with these modern materials. The pursuit of technological breakthroughs has reduced physical limitations and liberated building structure. Through time, the breakthroughs in structural design has helped architects and engineers to invent and explore new forms, followed by the creation of new spatial experience. 2 1. The Old Supreme Court is a Neoclassical building fused with Chinese details. 2. HSBC Main Building, with its innovative structural system, is an example of High-tech architecture. © Loky 3. City Hall is a prime example of Modernist architecture in Hong Kong, emphasising clarity and functionality. © Loky 03 1.4 Checkpoints 1 City Hall Built in : 1956 Style : Modernism / Bauhaus Architects : Ron Phillips and Alan Fitch, British architects in Hong Kong of the time Use: A multi-purpose civic centre with facilities for performance arts t Photo taken when the City Hall was first opened in the 60s. It was intended to be a urban hub, well-connected with the Star Ferry Pier, Queen’s Pier and Edinburgh Place. © Ron Phillips Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Background: In 1867, the first City Hall was built by public contributions. It was a magnificent two-storey building in Renaissance Revival style, with colonnades and archways, housing a theatre, a library, a museum and assembly rooms. The building was used by Europeans and Chinese elites. In 1933, the City Hall was partly demolished to make way for the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Building. The rest was demolished in 1947 for the erection of the Bank of China Building. The new complex was built in the post-war period, aiming to provide recreational facilities and cultural programmes for the general public instead of just the upper class. [Discussion] 1 Can you identify the architectural style of City Hall? How was it different from the style of surrounding buildings when it was built? Modernism, in the broad sense, refers to modern thoughts, character, or practice. The term specifically describes the Modernist Movement in arts and culture from 19th to 20th century. Architectural Modernism was widely adopted before and after WWII and continues to be a dominant architectural style into the late 20th century for institutional and corporate buildings. 04 [Discussion] 2 Can you describe the characteristics of Modernism from the City Hall features highlighted below? Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods 3 Why do you think the architect chose to design in Modernist style? 05 City Hall, a multi-purpose civic centre in Hong Kong. The Low Block is comprised of functions requiring larger volumes such as concert hall, theatre, restaurant, ballroom, foyer and main circulation areas. The High Block is made up of a number of smaller spaces including art galleries, museums, library and administrative offices. Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods 4 Which functional space is wrapped with a glazed façade? Which functional space is wrapped in opaque concrete walls? What do you think were the reasons behind these different treatments? 5 As Hong Kong continued to develop, the harbourfront near City Hall was reclaimed. Star Ferry Pier had to relocate in 2006 and the Queen’s Pier was demolished in 2008 to make way for the reclamation. What do you think about these changes? How important was the original intention of the architect to connect City Hall with Star Ferry Pier, Queen’s Pier, Edinburgh Place and Statue Square as one continuous, highly accessible urban hub? 06 2 Old Supreme Court (Former Legislative Council Building) Built in : 1900-1912 Architects: Aston Webb and E. Ingress Bell Style: Neoclassical with Chinese architectural elements Use: 1912-1978: Supreme Court During Japanese occupation in World War II (December 1941 to August 1945), the building was used as the headquarters of Hong Kong Military Police. 1985–2011: Legislative Council Due to structural cracks discovered during the construction works of the Mass Transit Railway in 1978, the building was temporarily closed for alteration works. It was reopened in 1985 as the Legislative Council Building. In 2012, the building was closed and planned to open as the Court of Final Appeal by 2015 The Old Supreme Court was declared as a Grade I monument by the Antiquities and Monuments Office and is protected legally under the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance Colonial Style Architecture Under the rule of the British colonial government, the Old Supreme Court was built in a Western architectural style. This is Neoclassical style, with features of classical Greek and Roman architecture (850 BC-476 AD), but constructed after the 18th century. However, because of climatic and geographical differences, architectural features were altered to fit local conditions. This mixed, adaptive design is what we call the Colonial Style. Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods t © ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User Pediment Frieze Architrave Entablature t Columns Stylobate Various parts of a classical Greek façade, composed mainly of stylobate, colonnade, entablature and pediment. Some of these features are also used in the Neoclassical Old Supreme Court Building. © Helen Fan 07 [Exercise 1] Can you identify the Western and local features of the Old Supreme Court? Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods [Do you know...] On top of the pediment stands a 2.7m high statue of Justice, represented by the Greek goddess Themis. She holds a pair of scales in her right hand and a sword in her left hand; the scales represent fairness and the sword is a symbol of power. She is blindfolded, symbolizing impartiality. u Statue of Themis © ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User 08 3 HSBC Main Building Built in : 1983-1985 Style :High-tech Architect: Lord Norman Foster, Pritzker Prize-winning architect History of the HSBC Main Building: First generation :1865-1886 Second generation : 1886-1935 (Victorian style) Third generation : 1935-1978 (mixed Art Deco and Stripped Classical Style i.e. classical elements simplified to show only structural or proportional systems) Current building : 1986 (High-tech architecture) Contrasting architectural styles in Central — Old Supreme Court in Neoclassical style and the nearby HSBC Main Building in High-tech style © Ian Lambot High-tech architectural style High-tech, or high technology, is an architectural style that emerged in the 1970s, with an emphasis on technological advancement and structure. The structural elements of the building are externalized and exposed, giving these buildings a skeletal look. This honesty of structure and emphasis on technology are part of the aesthetics. One foreign example is the Centre Georges Pompidou (Pompidou Centre) in Paris, built in 1971. The Centre was designed by Italian architects Renzo Piano and Gianfranco Franchini and British architect Richard Rogers. [Exercise 2] Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods u What special features and aesthetics do you see in the design? • Assembled structure • Simple, clean geometric forms p High-tech aesthetics — Expression of structural elements is the key of architectural beauty © Foster + Partners Photo Taking Tips Photography not allowed anywhere in the building except in the atrium 09 Historical Significance • A valued icon of Hong Kong as a world-level metropolitan and contributed to the growth of Hong Kong’s tertiary sector • The architect, Lord Norman Foster, is also the architect for Hong Kong International Airport, Kai Tak Cruise Terminal and West Kowloon Cultural District. Social and Cultural Significance • The land between the HSBC Main Building and the harbour waterfront is planned to remain a permanent free space for the public, as stated in the lease with the Government • The building with unobstructed view of the harbour is considered to enjoy good Feng Shui (water represents wealth in Feng Shui) • The ground level of the building is open for public circulation. It has also been a favourite gathering space for foreign domestic helpers and social activism such as Occupy Central. [Discussion] How do you think the design breakthrough of HSBC has influence the skyline of Hong Kong? Compare the style of building before and after HSBC is built. Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods © Ian Lambot 10 4 Bank of China Tower Built in Style Architect : 1985-1990 :High-tech : I. M. Pei, Pritzker Prize-winning architect Use : Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods u Headquarters of Bank of China Hong Kong; other office storeys are leased out. The site was the former address of the Murray House, which was dismantled in 1982 and relocated to Stanley in the 2000s. With a striking angular form, the Bank of China is an iconic piece of Structural Expressionism. The idea for the form came from bamboo, a symbol of growth and prosperity in Chinese culture. However, there have been comments on the ‘poor Feng Shui’ the building causes to its surroundings due to the triangular form and the crosses (X) of its structural frame. © WiNG - Wikipedia User Aesthetic Significance • H igh-tech architectural style • Concise geometry and structurally expressive • Given a relatively small footprint, the structure is highly efficient with a square base morphing upwards into triangular prisms, giving the tower a dynamic form • Designed with reference to bamboo, a Chinese cultural symbol • Carefully proportioned to give the tower an elegant, slender appearance • Distinctively different elevations on four sides p The interior of the atrium also echoes with the triangular exterior forms 11 [Exercise 3] Draw a sketch of geometrical composition of the Bank of China Tower. Plans and elevation of the Bank of China Tower. The form transforms from a square at the base to a prism. © Helen Fan Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods p [Do you know...] • The architect of the building, I. M. Pei, is well-known for using geometry and especially triangles in his design. The triangle is the most structurally stable and efficient geometrical shape. It is therefore widely used in high-tech buildings for structural efficiency and strength. • As a Chinese, Pei has also blended Chinese symbols and traditions in his design • Do you know any other buildings designed by him? © Casey Hon p The idea of Chinese Garden is integrated with Bank of China, a piece of modern architecture 12 5 Fringe Club Built in :1890 Style :Neoclassisicm (meaning a mixed style based on classicism) Use : 1890-1970s ﹣ Old Dairy Farm Depot consisting office, dairy shop, with cold storage warehouse and room for meat smoking Significance: A Grade I historic building The first awardee of Hong Kong Government Heritage Award in 2001 in recognition of its success in historic conservation p The external wall features a mix of different materials, including the distinctive red and white bandaged stucco and brickwork. The base of the walls were decorated with Shanghai plaster (a rough-textured material) simulating granite. © Casey Hon p Fringe Club’s property was originally a pitch-roofed Dairy Farm Depot built in 1890. Its pitched roof was demolished in 1908 p Its filleted southwest corner was added during 1913 renovation p Bandaged brickwork decoration was added in 1916. With circular bull’s eye windows and square motifs p Bandaged brickwork was replaced by paint rendering and Shanghai plaster cladding in around 1940s Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods 1984-present ﹣ Hong Kong Fringe Club, a non-profit arts organization Currently consists: two studio theatres, three exhibition areas, one pottery workshop, one showroom, one rehearsal studio, two bars, roof garden, offices 13 6 Duddell Street Steps & Gas Lamps Built in : Granite steps, 1875–1889 Street Lamp, early 20th century Use : Connection between Ice House Street and Queen’s Road Central Aesthetic Significance • Earliest reference to the street lamps dated back to 1922, noted as Two-light Rochester Models • Good quality stonework (granite) • Colonial features • Rare masonry balustrades in Hong Kong © Casey Hon Cultural Significance • The nostalgic atmosphere has inspired many famous movie scenes, e.g. ‘In the Mood for Love’ directed by Wong Kar-Wai p The grand granite balustrades [Discussion] 1 From 1950s onwards, all the gas lamps in Hong Kong were replaced by electric lamps. Why do you think these gas lamps at Duddell Street have been kept? Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Historical Significance • Declared monument • An iconic street scene reflecting the colonial history of Hong Kong • Duddell street was named after George Duddell, an auctioneer and significant property owner in the area in the mid-19th century. • The only four surviving gas-powered street lamps in Hong Kong 14 Appendix: Western Architectural Styles Ancient Greek architecture Considered the origin of Western architecture, ancient Greek architecture has a history of over a thousand years, distinguished by the use of ‘classical order’, which is a particular proportioning system composed of elements such as columns, the pediment, the entablature and so on. Greek buildings have simple, clear forms. Examples: The Parthenon, Athens, Greece (438 BC) Temple of Athena Nike, Athens, Greece (427 BC) The Parthenon © Mike Hui p The Pantheon © Richjheath - Wikipedia User p Notre Dame Cathedral © Tom S. - Wikipedia User p St. Peter’s Square © François Malan - Wikipedia User Ancient Roman architecture Dated back to 100 BC, with significant influence from Greek architecture. Distinguished by elements such as semi-circular arches, domes and the volumetric gesture. The Roman temples, amphitheatres, baths, basilicas etc. stand testimony to the greatness of this style. Often referred as ‘classical architecture’ together with ancient Greek architecture. Examples: The Colosseum, Rome, Italy (82 AD) The Pantheon, Rome, Italy (188 AD) Gothic architecture (12th to 16th century) The style was prominent during the high and the late Medieval period, distinguished by pointed arches (different from the semicircular Roman arches), large rose windows, window tracery and the emphasis on the creation of vertical lines in the design. Examples: Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France (1163 AD) King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, UK (1515 AD) Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods p Neoclassical Architecture (18th to late 19th century) Beginning in the 18th century, the style was influenced by Classical Greek and Roman architecture, and partly influenced by the Italian Palladian style. Examples: St Peter’s Square, Vatican (1667 AD) The British Museum, London, UK (1847 AD) 15 Summary Central has always been Hong Kong’s economic and political centre, featuring many landmark buildings that have contributed to the evolution of the city’s unique skyline. The form and outlook of a building is not purely aesthetic, but is also influenced by its cultural, political and technological context. Key words Modernism Neoclassical architecture Structural expressionism Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Bauhaus Classical architecture Colonial architecture Geometry and Proportion Further reading 1. 香港電台《漫遊城市建築》,香港電台 , 2009 ht t p : / / r thk. hk/ e le ar ning/ar c hit ect ur et our/index .ht m 2. Leisure and Cultural Services Department. Webisite of Antiquities and Monuments Office. 2004,. ht t p : / / www. a mo. gov.hk /en/main.php 3. “HSBC Main Building.” Arup, 2012 ht t p : / / www. a r up. com/P r oject s /HSB C_Headqua r t er s _ 1_ Queens _ Ro ad _ Cent r al.as p x 4. LegCo Civic Education Corner - The Legislative Council Building. Hong Kong Legislative Council. 2012. ht t p : / / www. le gco. gov.hk /young/englis h/building /le g co _ build ing _ 1.ht m l 5. “Hong Kong City Hall - Introduction.” Hong Kong City Hall. Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2007. ht t p : / / www. cityha ll.gov.hk /en/index.php 6. 胡恩威《香港風格》,香港:CUP Publishing Ltd. 2005 © Rory Organizer Sponsor Research Team 16