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Building and maintaining Biodiversity
Repositories around the world
–
Successes and Pitfalls
Workshop on Biodiversity and Climate Change
April 10-17
Astana and Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
Dr. Rainer W. Bussmann
William L. Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden
MBG-WLBC PROGRAMS
Ethnobotany
Discovery
Climate Change
Sacred Seeds
Conservation and Sustainability
DNA bank (taxonomy)
Food Library
Biocultural Collection
Herbarium
Seedbank
WLBC OBJECTIVES
Documentation of traditional knowledge
Production flows from collection and
harvest to markets
Development of new products (medicine,
food, supplements)
Quality control and safety of products sold
locally and globally
Country focus
Middle Asia
Floristically Middle Asia includes parts of
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
The flora consists of about 10000 species of
vascular plants, more than 2000 of which are
endemic (with 55 endemic genera) and can be
grouped into 3 floristic provinces (Turan,
Middle Asiatic Mountainous and
Koppehdagh-Khorassan).
Long history of Economic Botany
Very important region for human civilization, one
of Vavilov’s eight centers of origin for cultivated
plants, including apples, cereals, lentils and
garlic.
Large number of species with economic potential,
including as medicinal, food species, and
ornamentals. Adaptations to drought, interesting
for plant production under climate change.
Long history of botanical exploration.
An integrated Bio-repository Program
Example Peru / Bolivia
Documentation of traditional knowledge
Documentation of collection / market flows
Assessment of efficacy and toxicity of traditional
medicine
Establishment of collections (herbaria, germplasm,
gardens)
Repatriation of traditional knowledge
High species diversity
Melastomataceae
5 new species in the
genus Axinea
2.000 years of healing culture
Medicinal plant species
ECUADOR
PERU
Introduced,
86: 17%
Introduced,
36: 17%
Native, 179:
83%
Total species: 215
Native, 424:
83%
Total species: 510
Condition of plants used in Peru and Ecuador
95.8
100
90
80
64
Porcentaje
70
60
50
Secas / Dry
Frescas/ Fresh
36
40
30
20
4.2
10
0
Peru
Ecuador
Plant parts used in Peru and Ecuador (%)
60
Entire plant
50
40
30
Leaf
Peru
Stem
Ecuador
20
Flower
10
0
Seed
Fruit
Root
Bark
Peel
Latex
Wood
Medicinal plant use in Peru and Ecuador (%)
20
18
Respiratory
Urinary
16
14
12
Arthritis
Infections
women
Liver
Inflammation
Stomach
Heart
10
8
6
4
2
0
Purgative
Virus
Parasites
Peru
Ecuador
Medicinal plant use in Peru and Ecuador (%)
(cont…)
50
45
Ritual
40
35
30
25
Nervous
20
15
10
5
0
Peru
Fever
Diabetes
Partum
Cancer
Ecuador
Gallbladder
Psychotropic Bacteria
Diarrhea Food
Antibacterial bioassays
Extracts of 141 plants from the medicinal markets
in Trujillo and Chiclayo investigated for their
antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus
aureus y Escherichia coli.
Ethanolic extracts of 51 species inhibit E. coli, 114
ethnaolic extracts inhibit S. aureus.
Only 30 water extracts show activity against both
E. coli and 38 against S. aureus.
Efficacy of plants used as anibacterials
All species tested
450
400
Number of species
350
300
Without traditional use
250
200
Total
Efectivo
With traditional use
No efectivo
150
100
50
0
Plantas con uso
tradicional
Plantas sin uso
tradicional
Plantas testeadas
Toxicity of medicinal plants
Toxicity of 341 plant species used as medicinals
evaluated
24% of water extracts and 76% of ethanol extracts
show toxicity
Toxicity level influenced by origin and harvest
time
Many species are toxic, BUT traditional
preparatons DO take toxicity into account
Solvent and application are carefully chosen to
7avoid side effects
Mixtures of medicinal plants
330 species (65% of the medicinal flora) used as
mixtures, with an average of 2-7 plants per
mixture
974 distinct mixtures for 164 distinct illnesses
Almost 30% of mixtures for psychosomatic
treatments
Up to 49 mixture for one illness
The problem of species replacement
“Horsetail”
sold in the markets of
La Paz, Bolivia
above:
Ephedra americana
(Mormon tea)
below:
Equisetum giganteum
Equisetum bogotense
(Horestail)
Sacred Seeds
Network of ethnobotanical gardens
“Karat” in action:
Plukenetia huayllabambana
Monitoring climate change
Himalayan Climate Change
GLORIA:
GLobal
Observational
Research
Initiative in
Alpine
environments
www.GLORIA.ac.at
Over-harvest
of
Tibetan
snow lotus
”The
Nagoya Protocol
on Access to Genetic Resources and
Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits
Arising from their Utilization to the
Convention on Biological Diversity"
Goals:
Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from
the utilization of genetic resources
Appropriate access to genetic resources
Appropriate transfer of technologies
Appropriate funding to contribute to conservation
of biological diversity and sustainable use of its
components
Traditional knowledge is accessed with the prior
and informed consent, approval and involvement
of indigenous and local communities
But only AFTER mutually agreed terms have been
established
Benefit Sharing must not only include the
repatriation of the new data gathered, in a
language and form accessible to the traditional
owners, but also translation and repatriation of
results of previous studies conducted in the
same indigenous or local community
In addition, counterparts must be allowed full
participation as authors in all publications of a
study, rather than simply being mentioned as a
sideline in the acknowledgments
Repatriation of traditional knowledge
The Chácobo ethnobotany team, September 2013
Los Cháboco y las
palmeras
Autors:
The communities of
Alto Ivon
Tokio
Puerto Tujure
Motacuzal
Editors:
N. Paniagua Zambrana, R.W.
Bussmann
E.A. Blakutt Rivero
M.J. Macía
Repatriation of traditional knowledge
Repatriation of
previous studies
Etnobotánica de los Cháboco
(Beni, Bolivia)
Brian Boom (NYBG)
•Fieldwork (1983-84)
•English publication (1987)
Translation to Spanish and
repatriation to the communities
(2013)
Pitfalls - Bhutan
Strict conservation
policy leads to:
Loss of traditional
- agricultural practice
Loss of traditional
- knowledge
Over-aged forests with
- limited regeneration
Taxonomic problems in
botanical research
Pitfalls - Peru
Simple arson leads to loss
of a major biodiversity
repository
Pitfalls - Caucasus
Touristically interesting,
bio-diverse landscape
BUT
Loss of agricultural
diversity and traditional
knowledge
Pitfalls - Caucasus
Documentation of
traditional knowledge as
baseline for a change in
agricultural politics in
Soviet times
AND
Post-Soviet change of
market connections
(closed borders)
Lead to loss of knowledge
and diversity
Pitfalls - Caucasus
No production of local
cereal varieties in most
areas since the 1980s
Maintenance of limited
diversity in small cereal
germplasm collections
Pitfalls - Caucasus
Vegetable diversity
in-situ in small
homegardens
Difficulty to maintain
living collections of
cultivated herbal and
woody species
Pitfalls - Madagascar
In-situ biodiversity
repository as well
as nursery for
endemic species
destroyed when
fire jumps a
double fire-break
Biodiversity Repository Strategy
No single bio-repository
can safely conserve
biological diversity and
associated traditional
knowledge, as well as
intellectual property
rights of traditional
owners and national
governments.
Biodiversity Repository Strategy
Local and national herbaria
Seedbanks and germplasm
collections
In-situ and ex-situ living
collections / gardens
DNA banks and tissue
culture collections
Documentation, publication
and repatriation of local
traditional knowledge
рақмет сізге
Thank you