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Climate Change & Wine 2008 Barcelona 15 & 16 February AL GORE Special Guest • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Michel Rolland Jacques Lurton Ernst Loosen Miguel Torres Bruno Prats Pascal Chatonnet Stephen Skelton MW Richard Smart Greg Jones Hans Schultz Peter Hayes Pancho Campo Bernard Seguin Santiago Mínguez Vicente Sotés J. R. Lisarrague A. García Luján Xavier Sort J. R. Picatoste CLIMATE CHANGE WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE •SCIENTIFIC BASIS • IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGE & WINE • CO2 - UV-B • HUGLIN • WINKLER • TEMPERATURES • RAINFALL • PHENOLOGY • DISEASES PROJECTIONS • MITIGATION • ADAPTATION • PROYECTIONS Energy radiates from the earth surface Energy radiates from the atmosphere Radiation from the sun warms the earth’s surface Greenhouse gases are being warmed by the radiation from earth Without With greenhouse gases: +15 -18 degrees! degrees! Climate change within 100 years: About half an ice age, but on the warm side Year 2100? Year 2000 Year 1900 Ice age - Climate change External causes Solar activity Earths orbit Meteorites Internal causes Natural Internal causes Anthropogenic Enteric Emissions of greenhouse gases Volcanic eruption Particles/clouds Respiration Land change IPCC, TAR - 2001 Temperature Variations in the Earth´s Surface in the last 140 Years Global mean temperatures are rising faster with time Warmest 12 years: 1998,2005,2003,2002,2004,2006, 2001,1997,1995,1999,1990,2000 Period Rate 50 0.1280.026 100 0.0740.018 Years /decade Greenhouse gases (has a warming effect) Left in the atmosphere for 100 years Particles (mostly a cooling effect) Left in the atmosphere for 1 week Concentrations of C02 and methane have increased considerably since the pre-industrial era IPCC, TAR - 2001 IPCC, TAR - 2001 IPCC, TAR - 2001 The Most Scientifical Proof of Climate Change Increase in Temperatures Altered rainfall patterns and flloding… Changes in the Pattern of Climate Phenomenon… More evaporation, drought, erosion and wild fires A simplified view of the global thermohaline conveyor belt, showing cooling and downwelling in the North Atlantic, warming and freshening in the southern hemisphere, and return flow as a warm surface current. CRDO Penedés CRDO Penedés Winkler Index 1971 - 2002 (Vilafranca - Barcelona) 2400 Zone V 2300 2200 Zone IV Winkler Index 2100 2000 1900 Zone III 1800 1700 1600 Zone II 1500 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Year Dr. Xavier Sort – Bodegas Miguel Torres 1995 2000 2005 Huglin Index Evolution Vilafranca del Penedès - Barcelona 2500 2400 R2 = 0,4517 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1965 1970 1975 1980 Dr. Xavier Sort – Bodegas Miguel Torres 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 UV-B effects Possible relevance for grape production • Activation of genes of the phytopropanoid pathway Accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins (colour formation, wine composition) • Inactivation (damage) of photosystem II and of photosynthetic enzymes Decreased photosynthesis • Reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations 1.Decreased photosynthesis, 2.Altered aroma compounds? (vitispirane, 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2dihydronaphtalene, TDN, ß-damascenone)? Xanthophylls, leaf and berry energy balance? • Effects on nitrogen metabolism Decreased amino acid concentration (yeast metabolism, fermentation kinetics, higher alcohol formation, secondary aromatic compounds) • Thicker leaves, wax composition More disease resistance • Photo-oxidation of indole acetic acid (IAA, auxin), UV-B absorption by tryptophan Possible formation of o-aminoacetophenone (off-flavour in white wines) • Increase in ascorbic acid and glutathione content through the formation of free radicals Photoprotection, sulphur metabolism, induction of enzyme activities (important for yeast metabolism)? • Flowering and phenology May be affected in some varieties • Alterations in soil micro flora and fauna Nutrient availability DATE PARELLADA - BUDBREAK 28-abr 23-abr 18-abr 13-abr 08-abr 03-abr 29-mar 24-mar 19-mar 14-mar 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 YEARS Academia del Vino de España, 2007 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 PARELLADA - FLOWERING 07-jul 27-jun DATE 17-jun 07-jun 28-may 18-may 08-may 28-abr 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 YEARS Academia del Vino de España, 2007 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 PARELLADA - VERAISON 21-ago 16-ago DATE 11-ago 06-ago 01-ago 27-jul 22-jul 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 YEARS Academia del Vino de España, 2007 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 HARVEST DATE - PARELLADA 10-oct 05-oct DATE 30-sep 25-sep 20-sep 15-sep 10-sep 05-sep 31-ago 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 YEARS Academia del Vino de España, 2007 Cabernet Sauvignon – March 14th - 2007Academia del Vino de España, 2007 Cabernet Sauvignon – March 22nd - 2007Academia del Vino de España, 2007 • Reduction in the incidence of botrytis and Downy Mildew due to higher temperatures, less rainfall and higher evapotranspiration. This results in less humidity and drought Asian Multicolour Ladybird • A problem in Ontario and the USA mid-west • Taints wines with methoxipirazynes • Has entered in Italy, the UK and Belgium. • The south of Germany has been invaded by Hyalestes obsoletus which vectors Bois Noir or Phytoplasma. • 30% of the vines will be syntomatic by the second year with no yield. • Pierce´s Disease is moving west from Texas as winters become more mild. The concept of phenolic maturity Evolution of phenolic compounds throughout ripening process Skin tannins Anthocyanins Seed tannins Veraison Alcoholic Ripeness 300 15 290 14 280 13 270 12 30 september 1971 260 11 18 september 1989 250 5 september 2006 10 9 240 8 230 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006 Saladié et al. (2007) Temperature (ºC) Day of the year Date of the beginning of the harvest of Macabeu in Sarral (AOC Conca de Barberà) 1971-2006 Effects of Climate Change An increasing imbalance between alcoholic and phenolic ripeness Anthocyanidins Green Seeds Well-ripen seeds Alcoholic Alcoholic Ripeness Veraison Alcoholic Maturity Alcoholic degree and pH Titratable acidity Advanced Harvest Date However, skins and specially seeds remain green • Alcohol • Acidity • Potassium • FAN – Free Amino Nitrogen • pH • VA • Temperatures above 35ºC: • Reduction in Photosynthesis • Blocked production or degradations of anthocyanins. • Reduction in acidity, due to metabolism of malic acid. • Not a significant effect on the formation of flavonols – it is altered by UV-B • GABA (Post Harvest Tº) • Arginine (Berry Damage) Changes in Wine Styles • Many wines will become more alcoholic with higher pH and reduced natural total acidity. • Some wines may suffer colour loss or colour variations. • Some loss of varietal aromas and complexity. • Over ripe and jammy wines. • Perhaps an increase in the proportion of red wines over whites. • Canopy management Varieties with Resistance to Drought and Heat • Reds • • • • Petit Verdot Graciano Durif Lemberger • Whites • • • • • Vermentino Viognier Verdelho Verdichio Verdejo?? Management of Hydric Resources • RED Rootstocks and Clones • RED Oficina Española para el Cambio Climático Dr. Xavier Sort – Bodegas Miguel Torres Dr. Xavier Sort – Bodegas Miguel Torres • Increased Temperatures • Lower Rainfall • Higher Evapotranspiration • Drought • Erosion • Sea Level Rise • Flooding • Increased UV-B • Huglin & Winkler Indices • Changes in Phenology • Advanced Harvest • Lack of Phenolic Ripeness • Hi pH • Hi Alcohol • Low Acidity • Diseases & Pests • Change in Style • Varieties • Change in Viticultural Scenario • Canopy Management • New Wine Regions • Different Varieties • Clones & Rootstocks • Water Management • Winery Techniques The number of 4 and 5 degree hurricanes has increased considerably Greenland and the Artic Continent could have no ice by 2050 Scientists have already demonstrated an increase in storms, rainy periods and flooding The sea level could rise 3 meters due to melting of the ice covered regions and glaciers. Drought and wild fires have increased considerably Heat waves like in 2003 will be more frequent More than 1000 species could disappear by 2050 More effective use of energy Renewable energy Capture carbon dioxide from both bio-fuels and fossil fuels Vino Nº 1
