Download 1 - El Camino College

POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin
Additional text by Jessica Padilla exclusive for physiology at ECC
UNIT 1
1
Introduction to
Physiology
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
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FOURTH EDITION
2. Levels of Organization
 Physiology defined
 Study of the functions and processes of living
organisms- as seen under normal conditions. This is
different from anatomy since it is the study of
structure.
 Organization of life
 The cell is the unit of life
 Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms
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3. Levels of Organization
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Figure 1-1
4. Organ Systems in Review
 Integumentary-Skin, hair, nails. 7 functions main one is protection.
 Musculoskeletal- Muscle and bone- main functions is movement and
protection.
 Respiratory- Lungs and respiratory tract- main function is gas exchange
 Digestive-GI tract and accessory organs- main function is digestion to provide
nutrion.
 Reproductive and Urinary- genitals (primary and accessory) and urinary organsmain function is reproduction and excretion
 Circulatory-Heart, blood vessels, blood. Main function is to deliver
components needed by living cells and collect waste.
 Nervous and Endocrine- Brain, nerves, and glands. Main function is to
control body functions, responses, and information management.
 Immune- white blood cells, lymphatic system, and other organs belonging to
systems listed above. Main function is to protect the body from infection and
promote healing.
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5. Organ Systems in Review
The integration between systems of the body (immune
system not shown)
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Figure 1-2
6. Function versus Process
 Function explains the “why”
 Teleological approach- explains to you the functions.
This approach can be used to relate different systems.
 Process or mechanism describes the “how”
 Mechanistic approach-explains the processes of how
things work but doesn’t give a reason why.
Incorporates principles of physics, chemistry, and
biology.
 Physiology integrates function and process.
 Red blood cell example
 Why do we have red blood cells?
 How do red blood cells do this?
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7. Homeostasis (“a relatively constant
environment”)
 Environmental balance- despite the changes in the
external environment the body is able to maintain a constant
internal environment. Example- water balance
 External- temperature, humidity, and other environmental
factors affect our internal environment.
 Internal- body temperature, hydration, pH balance,
CO2/O2 levels and more are internal components that must
be stable for cells to function properly.
 Cell
 Intracellular fluid- found inside the cells- it directly
affects cell organelles.
 Extracellular fluid- surrounds cells and serves as a buffer
zone and changes as a result of overall body conditions.
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8. Factors Homeostatically Regulated
 Concentration of nutrient molecules- nutrient molecules are
used by the cell to produce energy
 Concentration of O2 and CO2- oxygen is needed to produce
energy. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of this process and
must be removed to maintain pH
 Concentration of waste products- accumulation of waste
products causes toxic effects
 pH- appropriate pH levels are required for proper nerve cell
and enzyme function in the body.
 Concetration of water, salt, and other electrolyteregulation is essential for maintaining proper cell volume and
function
 Volume and Pressure- ultimately affect plasma levels needed
for linking intra- & extracellular environments
 Temperature- a narrow range allows for proper function to
prevent slow down or impairment of protein function
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9. Homeostasis
Relationships between an organism’s internal and
external environments
Protective cells
allow for less
diffusion than
exchange cells
do. Movement
of intra- and
extra cellular
fluid happens at
equal rates
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Figure 1-3
10. Homeostasis and Controls
 External or internal change- Because extracellular
fluid influences the internal cell environment it must
remain within the narrow range of normal values.
 Physiological attempt to correct- when the normal
ranges for extracellular fluid are not met
compensatory mechanisms help to restore conditions.
 Sensors, integrating center- certain organs in the body
monitor internal conditions.
 Response of cells and organs- a disruption of
homeostasis triggers compensatory mechanismexample: thrist.
 Loss of homeostasis- inability to restore a normal
range environment.
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Homeostasis and Controls
 Successful compensation- discontinues triggered
reponses,
 Homeostasis reestablished- normal function is
restored.
 Failure to compensate
 Pathophysiology- functioning under a state of disease
 Illness- a pathological condition that may result
from external or internal failure of normal
processes
 Death- occurs when homeostasis fails and cell life
cannot be sustained.
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Homeostasis and Controls
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Figure 1-4
Themes in Physiology
 Homeostasis and control systems – process that maintain a
stable environment using signals and a controller.
 Biological energy - used for processes like transport and metabolism
 Structure-function relationships
 Molecular interactions – abilities of individual molecules to interact with
each other greatly influences biological functions.
 Compartmentation- uses boundaries or concentrated areas to promote
specialization of a process.
 Mechanical properties – cells have specific characteristics that facilitate
function like elasticity, pumps, etc.
 Communication- the flow of information through chemical and electrical
signals.
These themes will appear throughout the units and chapters.
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The Scientific Method

A series of procedures
used by scientist to
explain and observation.

The explanation may
lead to the formation of
a theory or law

The steps of the
scientific method may
be followed in different
order must commonly it
is presented as follows.
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Scientific Method
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The scientific method
 Observation – recognizing something has occurred
 As one observes events there may be something that spikes your
curiosity. You want to understand how or why it happens.
 Question Formation – relates to observation
 You create a question the reflects the observation and interest.
 Research- exploration of alternative resources
 You look up information gathered on the subject you are
exploring. It may be previous research or well stablished
information.
 Hypothesis – possible explanation/answer to question.
Educated guess.
 After research and learning more you make an educated guess to
explain your observation. This will be tested through
experimentation.
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The scientific method

Experimentation- testing the hypothesis through
experiment
a.
Experimental group
vs. Control group
-both groups are tested in identical conditions.
They vary by only one variable- it is the
factor that you think influences an outcome
that either supports or rejects the hypothesis.
b. Independent variable vs. Dependent variable
- variables not
-variables influenced by
affected by others
change in others
c. Valid and reliable results
- if multiple test give the same results and there are enough subjects or
sample for results to be statistically supported, then results are valid
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
and reliable.
Scientific Method
 Agree with or create laws and theory
 Scientific Law- uniform or constant feature of nature describing
what happens in nature
 Theory- widely accepted , plausible generalization about
fundamental concepts in science that is supported by many
experiments and explains why things happen in nature.
 Conclusion and communication
 You decide whether the results support or reject the hypothesis
and share it with the scientific community
 a. Inductive reasoning vs. deductive reasoning
 Inductive- draw a conclusion from the sum of multiple results
 Deductive- draw a conclusion after excluding mulitple
possibilities
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Summary
 Organ systems
 Structures and functions
 Homeostatic balance
 Integrative science
 Four key themes
 Scientific Method
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings