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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Muscular
System
6
PART A
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Muscular System
 Muscles are responsible for all types of body
movement
 Three basic muscle types are found in the body
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
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Characteristics of Muscles
 Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated
(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
 Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of
microfilaments
 All muscles share some terminology
 Prefixes myo and mys refer to “muscle”
 Prefix sarco refers to “flesh”
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Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac,
and Smooth Muscles
Table 6.1 (1 of 2)
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Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac,
and Smooth Muscles
Table 6.1 (2 of 2)
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Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
 Most are attached by tendons to bones
 Cells are multinucleate
 Striated—have visible banding
 Voluntary—subject to conscious control
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
 Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective
tissue
 Endomysium—encloses a single muscle fiber
 Perimysium—wraps around a fascicle (bundle)
of muscle fibers
 Epimysium—covers the entire skeletal muscle
 Fascia—on the outside of the epimysium
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.1
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Skeletal Muscle Attachments
 Epimysium blends into a connective tissue
attachment
 Tendons—cord-like structures
 Mostly collagen fibers
 Often cross a joint due to toughness and
small size
 Aponeuroses—sheet-like structures
 Attach muscles indirectly to bones,
cartilages, or connective tissue coverings
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Skeletal Muscle Attachments
 Sites of muscle attachment
 Bones
 Cartilages
 Connective tissue coverings
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics
 Lacks striations
 Spindle-shaped cells
 Single nucleus
 Involuntary—no conscious control
 Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics
Figure 6.2a
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Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
 Striations
 Usually has a single nucleus
 Branching cells
 Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated
disc
 Involuntary
 Found only in the heart
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Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Figure 6.2b
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Skeletal Muscle Functions
 Produce movement
 Maintain posture
 Stabilize joints
 Generate heat
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
 Sarcolemma—specialized plasma membrane
 Myofibrils—long organelles inside muscle cell
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum—specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
 Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
 I band = light band
 Contains only thin filaments
 A band = dark band
 Contains the entire length of the thick
filaments
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3b
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
 Sarcomere—contractile unit of a muscle fiber
 Organization of the sarcomere
 Myofilaments
 Thick filaments = myosin filaments
 Thin filaments = actin filaments
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
 Thick filaments = myosin filaments
 Composed of the protein myosin
 Has ATPase enzymes
 Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or
cross bridges)
 Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
 Thin filaments = actin filaments
 Composed of the protein actin
 Anchored to the Z disc
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
 At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks actin
filaments called the H zone
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
 Stores and releases calcium
 Surrounds the myofibril
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3d
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Stimulation and Contraction of
Single Skeletal Muscle Cells
 Excitability (also called responsiveness or
irritability)—ability to receive and respond to a
stimulus
 Contractility—ability to shorten when an adequate
stimulus is received
 Extensibility—ability of muscle cells to be
stretched
 Elasticity—ability to recoil and resume resting
length after stretching
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
 Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor
neuron (nerve cell) to contract
 Motor unit—one motor neuron and all the skeletal
muscle cells stimulated by that neuron
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Figure 6.4a
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Figure 6.4b
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
 Neuromuscular junction
 Association site of axon terminal of the motor
neuron and muscle
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Figure 6.5a
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
 Synaptic cleft
 Gap between nerve and muscle
 Nerve and muscle do not make contact
 Area between nerve and muscle is filled with
interstitial fluid
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
Figure 6.5b
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
 Neurotransmitter—chemical released by nerve
upon arrival of nerve impulse
 The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine (ACh)
 Acetylcholine attaches to receptors on the
sarcolemma
 Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na+)
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
Figure 6.5c
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
 Sodium rushes into the cell generating an action
potential
 Once started, muscle contraction cannot be
stopped
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
Figure 6.6
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The Sliding Filament Theory
of Muscle Contraction
 Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (cross
bridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin
filament
 Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the thin
filament and pull them toward the center of the
sarcomere
 This continued action causes a sliding of the
myosin along the actin
 The result is that the muscle is shortened
(contracted)
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The Sliding Filament Theory
of Muscle Contraction
Figure 6.7a–b
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The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8a
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The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8b
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The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8c
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Muscular
System
6
PART A
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
 Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
 Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be
stimulated during the same interval
 Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing responses
 Graded responses—different degrees of skeletal
muscle shortening
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Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
 Graded responses can be produced by changing
 The frequency of muscle stimulation
 The number of muscle cells being stimulated
at one time
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Types of Graded Responses
 Twitch
 Single, brief contraction
 Not a normal muscle function
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Types of Graded Responses
Figure 6.9a
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Types of Graded Responses
 Tetanus (summing of contractions)
 One contraction is immediately followed by
another
 The muscle does not completely
return to a resting state
 The effects are added
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Types of Graded Responses
Figure 6.9b
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Types of Graded Responses
 Unfused (incomplete) tetanus
 Some relaxation occurs between contractions
 The results are summed
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Types of Graded Responses
Figure 6.9c
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Types of Graded Responses
 Fused (complete) tetanus
 No evidence of relaxation before the following
contractions
 The result is a sustained muscle contraction
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Types of Graded Responses
Figure 6.9d
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Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
 Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers
stimulated
 More fibers contracting results in greater muscle
tension
 Muscles can continue to contract unless they run
out of energy
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
 Initially, muscles use stored ATP for energy
 ATP bonds are broken to release energy
 Only 4–6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by
muscles
 After this initial time, other pathways must be
utilized to produce ATP
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
 Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine
phosphate (CP)
 Muscle cells store CP
 CP is a high-energy molecule
 After ATP is depleted, ADP is left
 CP transfers energy to ADP, to regenerate
ATP
 CP supplies are exhausted in less than 15
seconds
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Figure 6.10a
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
 Aerobic respiration
 Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy (ATP)
 This is a slower reaction that requires
continuous oxygen
 A series of metabolic pathways occur in the
mitochondria
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Figure 6.10b
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
 Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
 Reaction that breaks down glucose without
oxygen
 Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to
produce some ATP
 Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
 This reaction is not as efficient, but is fast
 Huge amounts of glucose are needed
 Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Figure 6.10c
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Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
 When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract
even with a stimulus
 Common cause for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt
 Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen deficit
 Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
 Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of
ATP causes the muscle to contract less
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Types of Muscle Contractions
 Isotonic contractions
 Myofilaments are able to slide past each other
during contractions
 The muscle shortens and movement occurs
 Isometric contractions
 Tension in the muscles increases
 The muscle is unable to shorten or produce
movement
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Muscle Tone
 Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed
muscle
 Different fibers contract at different times to
provide muscle tone
 The process of stimulating various fibers is under
involuntary control
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Effect of Exercise on Muscles
 Exercise increases muscle size, strength, and
endurance
 Aerobic (endurance) exercise (biking, jogging)
results in stronger, more flexible muscles with
greater resistance to fatigue
 Makes body metabolism more efficient
 Improves digestion, coordination
 Resistance (isometric) exercise (weight lifting)
increases muscle size and strength
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Effect of Exercise on Muscles
Figure 6.11
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Muscular
System
6
PART A
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity
Table 6.2
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Muscles and Body Movements
 Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an
attached bone
 Muscles are attached to at least two points
 Origin
 Attachment to a moveable bone
 Insertion
 Attachment to an immovable bone
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Muscles and Body Movements
Figure 6.12
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Flexion
 Decreases the angle of the joint
 Brings two bones closer together
 Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow
 Extension
 Opposite of flexion
 Increases angle between two bones
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13a
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13b
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Rotation
 Movement of a bone around its longitudinal
axis
 Common in ball-and-socket joints
 Example is when you move atlas around the
dens of axis (shake your head “no”)
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13c
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Abduction
 Movement of a limb away from the midline
 Adduction
 Opposite of abduction
 Movement of a limb toward the midline
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Circumduction
 Combination of flexion, extension, abduction,
and adduction
 Common in ball-and-socket joints
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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Special Movements
 Dorsiflexion
 Lifting the foot so that the superior surface
approaches the shin
 Plantar flexion
 Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13e
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Special Movements
 Inversion
 Turn sole of foot medially
 Eversion
 Turn sole of foot laterally
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13f
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Special Movements
 Supination
 Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces
anteriorly
 Pronation
 Forearm rotates medially so palm faces
posteriorly
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13g
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Special Movements
 Opposition
 Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers
on the same hand
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Special Movements
Figure 6.13h
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Types of Muscles
 Prime mover—muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
 Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a
prime mover
 Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a
movement and helps prevent rotation
 Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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Types of Muscles
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
 By direction of muscle fibers
 Example: Rectus (straight)
 By relative size of the muscle
 Example: Maximus (largest)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
 By location of the muscle
 Example: Temporalis (temporal bone)
 By number of origins
 Example: Triceps (three heads)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
 By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
 Example: Sterno (on the sternum)
 By shape of the muscle
 Example: Deltoid (triangular)
 By action of the muscle
 Example: Flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
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Arrangement of Fascicles
Figure 6.14
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Head and Neck Muscles
 Facial muscles
 Frontalis—raises eyebrows
 Orbicularis oculi—closes eyes, squints,
blinks, winks
 Orbicularis oris—closes mouth and protrudes
the lips
 Buccinator—flattens the cheek, chews
 Zygomaticus—raises corners of the mouth
 Chewing muscles
 Masseter—closes the jaw and elevates
mandible
 Temporalis—synergist of the masseter, closes
jaw
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Head and Neck Muscles
 Neck muscles
 Platysma—pulls the corners of the mouth
inferiorly
 Sternocleidomastoid—flexes the neck, rotates
the head
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Head and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.15
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
 Anterior muscles
 Pectoralis major—adducts and flexes the
humerus
 Intercostal muscles
 External intercostals—raise rib cage
during inhalation
 Internal intercostals—depress the rib cage
to move air out of the lungs when you
exhale forcibly
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16a
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
 Muscles of the abdominal girdle
 Rectus abdominis—flexes vertebral column
and compresses abdominal contents
(defecation, childbirth, forced breathing)
 External and internal obliques—flex vertebral
column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally
 Transversus abdominis—compresses
abdominal contents
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16b
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
 Posterior muscles
 Trapezius—elevates, depresses, adducts, and
stabilizes the scapula
 Latissimus dorsi—extends and adducts the
humerus
 Erector spinae—back extension
 Quadratus lumborum—flexes the spine
laterally
 Deltoid—arm abduction
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17a
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17b
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Muscles of the Upper Limb
 Biceps brachii—supinates forearm, flexes elbow
 Brachialis—elbow flexion
 Brachioradialis—weak muscle
 Triceps brachii—elbow extension (antagonist to
biceps brachii)
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Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Figure 6.16a
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Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
Figure 6.17a
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
 Gluteus maximus—hip extension
 Gluteus medius—hip abduction, steadies pelvis
when walking
 Iliopsoas—hip flexion, keeps the upper body from
falling backward when standing erect
 Adductor muscles—adduct the thighs
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19a
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
 Muscles causing movement at the knee joint
 Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee
flexion
 Biceps femoris
 Semimembranosus
 Semitendinosus
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19a
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
 Muscles causing movement at the knee joint
 Sartorius—flexes the thigh
 Quadriceps group—extends the knee
 Rectus femoris
 Vastus muscles (three)
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
 Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot
 Tibialis anterior—dorsiflexion and foot
inversion
 Extensor digitorum longus—toe extension and
dorsiflexion of the foot
 Fibularis muscles—plantar flexion, everts the
foot
 Soleus—plantar flexion
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20a
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20b
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.21
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.22
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (1 of 3)
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (2 of 3)
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.3 (3 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (1 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (2 of 3)
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
Table 6.4 (3 of 3)
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Intramuscular Injection Sites
Figure 6.18, 6.19b, d
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Muscular
System
6
PART A
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The entire muscle is covered by the
 endomysium.
 perimysium.
 epimysium.
 sarcomere.
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The entire muscle is covered by the epimysium. The
perimysium covers the fascicle.
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The functioning unit of the muscle is the
 thin filament.
 thick filament.
 actin filament.
 sarcomere.
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The functioning unit of the muscle is the sarcomere.
The thick and thin filaments are part of the structure
of the sarcomere.
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The calcium ion receptor in smooth muscle is
 actin.
 myosin.
 troponin.
 calmodulin.
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The calcium ion receptor in smooth muscle is
calmodulin. Troponin is the calcium ion receptor in
striated muscle.
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Which one of the following is branched,
uninucleate, and has intercalated discs?
 Skeletal muscle
 Smooth muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Striated muscle
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Cardiac muscle is branched, uninucleate, and has
intercalated discs. Skeletal or striated muscle are
not branching, multinucleate, and do not have
intercalated discs.
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Which of the following are extensions of the
muscle cell sarcolemma that release Ca ions?
 Myosins
 Acetylcholinesterases
 Epimysiums
 T-tubules
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T-tubules are extensions of the muscle cell
sarcolemma that release Ca ions.
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These muscles add force to the same movement
and reduce undesirable movement.
 Prime movers
 Antagonists
 Synergists
 Fixators
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synergist are muscles that add force to the same
movement and reduce undesirable movement.
Prime movers have the major responsibility of
causing particular movements.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings