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Chapter 14 Injuries to the Tissues The Human Cell • Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms • Smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life 2 The Human Cell • Cells and the tissues they form allow the body to perform functions vital to life – Breathing – Eliminating waste products – Maintaining homeostasis • Maintenance of internal systems 3 Tissue Types • Epithelial • Connective Nerve • Muscle 4 Controlling Bleeding • Remember to wear gloves when dealing with blood or other body fluids • Profuse bleeding or hemorrhage – Life-threatening condition 5 Controlling Bleeding • External bleeding can occur from capillaries, veins, or arteries – Capillary bleeding is the most common – Applying a sterile pad and compression will usually control bleeding in minor cuts 6 Controlling Bleeding • Venous bleeding – Controlled by placing a sterile compress over wound – Gloved hand applied directly to the site – It usually takes 4-6 minutes to clot, so pressure should last 6 minutes – Some conditions (a patient on blood thinners) may take longer to clot 7 Controlling Bleeding • Arterial bleeding – Caused by a punctured or severed artery – Arterial blood is bright red and pulsates (spurts) because it is under pressure – Must be controlled immediately 8 Controlling Bleeding • Arterial bleeding – Direct pressure is best method to help control arterial bleeding – EMS should be called immediately if bleeding does not stop 9 General Principles of Wound Care • Always wear gloves when handling wounds • Control any bleeding • Cleanse wound with soap and water and first aid cream 10 General Principles of Wound Care • Immobilize injured area • Apply ice – Except for snakebite • Handle the wound gently 11 Guidelines for Applying Bandages • Always remove jewelry from a patient if dressing a hand or wrist • Leave fingers and toes exposed to check on circulation and sensation • Use sterile material • Control any bleeding 12 Guidelines for Applying Bandages • Open the dressing package – Use sterile technique, and touch only the corners • Cover entire wound • Apply bandage snugly but not too tightly • Secure all loose ends with tape 13 Superficial Injuries to Soft Tissues • • • • Abrasions Lacerations Punctures Incisions 14 Superficial Injuries to Soft Tissues • • • • Avulsions Calluses Blisters Bites 15 Skin Infections • • • • • • Fungi and yeasts Herpes Papilloma virus Impetigo Hematoma Contusions 16 Muscular System • 600 muscles in human body • Made up of bundles of tiny contractile muscle fibers – Held together by connective tissue • Fibers initiate movement when they are stimulated by nerve endings 17 Muscle Vocabulary • • • • Rotation Adduction Abduction Extension 18 Muscle Vocabulary • Flexion – Plantar and palmar • Dorsiflexion • Eversion • Inversion 19 Types of Muscle Tissue • Cardiac – Make up the walls of the heart • Smooth (visceral) – Found throughout the body in the internal organs 20 Types of Muscle Tissue • Skeletal (striated) – Attached to bones and produce movement upon command from brain 21 Muscle Injuries • Muscle strain • Myositis ossificans • Tendonitis 22 The Joints • Three categories 1. Fibrous – Immovable joints including bones of cranium 2. Cartilaginous – Slightly moveable including vertebra of spine 23 The Joints • Three categories 3. Synovial – Freely moveable including elbow, knee, and fingers 24 Injuries to the Joints • Ligament or capsular sprains • Dislocations and subluxations • Synovitis and bursitis 25 The Skeletal System • Each of the 206 bones forming the human skeleton affects our movement 26 The Skeletal System • Five specific functions of this system: – Provide support for muscles, fat, and soft tissues – Protect internal organs – Provide leverage for lifting and movement through the attachment of muscles – Produce blood cells – Store majority of the body’s calcium supply 27 Signs of a Bone Fracture • Pain at the site of an injury • Deformity • Edema at the injury site – Swelling • Ecchymosis – Bruising 28 Signs of a Bone Fracture • Grating or crepitation – Crackling sound when bone is moved • Immobility • Numbness or tingling • Pale or cold skin due to impaired circulation 29 Types of Fractures • Open – Also known as compound • • • • • Avulsion Stress Greenstick Impacted Longitudinal 30 Types of Fractures • • • • • Oblique Spiral Transverse Comminuted Blowout 31
