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Skeletal and Muscular Systems To be used with Skeletal and Muscular Systems Guided Notes Gaccione/Bakka Belleville High School Movement • Movement is a Life Function for all living things – Locomotion: change in position of an organism Tropism Walking/Sliding “Everybody’s doing a brand new motion…” Locomotion Why do organisms need to move? • Survival Value of Locomotion 1. Get food and shelter 2. Escape from predators 3. Move to regions better suited to survival 4. Find mates 5. Move away from toxic wastes Human Locomotion • What allows us to move? – Skeleton and Muscles cranium maxilla clavicle mandible sternum scapula ribs humerus vertebrae radius illium sacrum carpals & metacarpals phalanges Ulna(un ishiu m femur patella Tibia(top) fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges Functions of the Skeleton • Functions of the skeleton: 1. Supporting framework for internal organs. 2. Attachment sites for muscle. 3. Protects the internal organs. 5. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. 4. Provides leverage for body movement. • The bones also store minerals - calcium. Cartilage • Cartilage: tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissue • Cartilage Functions 1. Support 2. Flexibility of joints 3. Cushioning of joints • Cartilage makes up most of the embryo's skeleton. • Most of this cartilage changes to bone by adulthood. • Forensic scientists can tell a persons age by the % of cartilage and bone. Compact Bone Cartilage Ligaments • Ligaments: -tough and elastic tissue that connects bones to bones -found at joints -a sprain is when the ligament is torn or overextended. Tendons • Tendons: tough fibrous cords which attach muscles to bones Tendons and Ligaments •A is a tendon (it connects bone D to muscle B) •B is a muscle - bicep •C is a ligament (connects bones) •D is the ulna Muscles • Muscles – only body tissue able to contract – creates movement by flexing and extending joints – body energy converters (many muscle cells contain many mitochondria) Types of Muscle: Smooth • Smooth Muscle: – Smooth in appearance – Involuntary in action – Slowly contracting • but contractions are long in duration – Lines blood vessels, alimentary canal, and body openings Types of Muscle: Skeletal • Skeletal Muscle – Voluntary in action – Contain many striped long fibers called striations – Found in association with skeletal bones • the nervous system interacts with skeletal muscles to produce motion Types of Muscle: Cardiac • Cardiac Muscle: – Involuntary in action – The hardest working muscle--the heart – Resembles skeletal muscle with lined appearance Comparison of Muscle Types Smooth Skeletal Cardiac Mucsles Work in Pairs • When biceps contract triceps relax. • When triceps contracts biceps relax. Muscle Contractions • Violent muscle contractions require a lot of oxygen. – If oxygen is not available muscle fatigue will set in. • Muscle fatigue: results from oxygen debt – lactic acid accumulates in skeletal muscles – Muscle can cramp up – rest with controlled breathing & fluids restores the oxygen balance Disruptions in Homeostasis • Arthritis: joint inflammation Disruptions in Homeostasis • Tendonitis: tendon inflammation at bone junctures – a common condition in athletes Disruptions in Homeostasis • Types of bone breaks (fractures): – Range from a simple fracture to a compound fracture: