Download T11 Muscle Injuries - SHMD 249 Sport & Exercise Technology 2

Muscle Injuries
SHMD 249
23/5/2013
Hard Tissue Injuries
• Dislocation:
displacement of a joint from its normal location. Occurs when a
joint is overstressed, which makes the bones which meet at the joint
disconnect. Usually causes joint capsule & ligaments to tear.
• Mechanism of injury:
– Very hard fall/tackle.
• Symptoms:
– Joint will visibly look out of place.
– Movement will be limited.
– Intense pain.
– Swelling.
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Finger Dislocation
Shoulder Dislocation
Elbow Dislocation
Hip Dislocation
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Hard Tissue Injuries
• Subluxation:
when one or more bones of the spine (vertebra) moves out of
position & creates pressure on, or irritates the spinal nerves. Thus some parts of
the body may not function properly.
• Symptoms:
•
•
•
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Weakness
Numbness
Pain
Tingling
• Mechanism of injury:
–
–
–
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Contact sports
Falls
Motor vehicle accidents
Occupational injuries
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Hard Tissue Injuries
• Cartilage damage: normal synovial joint function requires a smooth-gliding
cartilage surface on both ends of the bones. Cartilage acts to distribute force during
repetitive pounding movements (running/jumping).
 Cartilage has minimal ability to repair itself & needs treatment in order to minimize
deterioration to joint surface.
• Injury Mechanism:
 Traumatic injury (often seen in athletes)
 Degenerative processes (seen in older patients who have more brittle cartilage).
 Most common mechanism of a traumatic meniscus tear occurs when the knee joint
is bent and the knee is then twisted.
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Cartilage Damage
Symptoms:
Locking
Localized pain
swelling
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Hard Tissue Injuries
• Fractures: technical term for broken bone. Results from a bone being hit
with enough force to make it break.
• There are 5 main types of fractures:
1. Transverse fracture:
•
Result of direct blow/force applied at sideways angle to bone.
2. Spiral/oblique fracture:
•
Occur as a result of a twisting movement
being applied about the long axis of the bone.
•
Example: foot held trapped by football boot
studs while the leg twists around it.
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Hard Tissue Injuries
3. Comminuted fracture:
•
Splintering of the bone i.e. bone is broken into a number of pieces.
•
Usually caused by direct trauma & takes longer to heal.
4. Stress fracture:
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Overuse Injury
•
Occurs when muscles become fatigued and cannot absorb added shock.
•
Eventually fatigued muscles transfer the overload of stress to the bone,
causing a tiny crack.
•
Usually occur because of rapid increase in amount or intensity of training, or
impact from unfamiliar terrain, or incorrect shoes.
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Hard Tissue Injuries
5. Open/compound fracture:
•
More serious injury as bone breaks through skin.
•
Break causes considerable damage to surrounding tissues & can cause serious
bleeding if a large artery is ruptured.
•
Exposes broken skin to possibility of infection, which can hinder healing.
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Soft Tissue Injuries
• Abrasion: when surface of skin is grazed so that top layer is scraped off, leaving
raw, tender area.
• Injury Mechanism: sliding fall (grass).
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Soft Tissue Injuries
• Strains: a twist/pull/tear to a muscle or tendon.
• Often caused by overuse/force/overstretching.
• Severity: grade 1, 2, or 3 strain
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Soft Tissue Injuries
• Sprains: stretch/tear to a ligament & is often caused by trauma that
knocks a joint out of position, & overstretches or ruptures the supporting
ligaments.
• Most commonly found in ankles, knees or wrists.
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Soft Tissue Injuries
• Muscle Contusion/hematoma: technical term for a bruise.
• Injury Mechanism: Occurs due to direct trauma, commonly a blow to the
outer part of the thigh or back of the calf.
• Muscle fibers are squashed & blood capillaries are torn, resulting in bleeding into
the surrounding tissues & hematoma formation.
• Intramuscular hematoma:
– Bleeding within a muscle.
– Leads to pressure build-up in muscle, as blood is trapped within muscle sheath.
– Results in decrease in muscle strength & flexibility.
– Longer recovery period.
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Soft Tissue Injuries
• Intermuscular hematoma:
– Bleeding around a muscle.
– Much less severe than intram. as blood can escape
from damaged muscle & into surrounding tissues.
– Thus less pressure within the area & injury recovers
much quicker.
• Symptoms:
– Pain
– Swelling
– discoloration
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Soft Tissue Injuries
Oedema: swelling in the tissue due to
trauma.
• Swelling may be a combination of tissue
fluid & blood (from local damage to
capillaries at injury site).
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Soft Tissue Injuries
• Bursitis: inflammation or irritation
of a bursa.
• Usually results from overuse.
• Symptoms:
– Pain
– Restricted range of motion within
area.
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Soft Tissue Injuries
• Tendonitis: inflammation or irritation of a tendon.
• Injury Mechanism: Usually results from overuse.
• Symptoms:
– Pain, made worse by movement
– Stiffness
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