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Sebaceous glands are also known as 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sweat glands. tear glands. digestive glands. oil glands. endocrine glands. The Skeletal System The Skeletal system • • • • • • • • Basic Structure/Function Bone structure Bone formation & maintenance The skeleton- axial and appendicular The axial skeleton The the appendicular skeleton Joints-Structure/movement Disorders of the skeleton The skeletal system gives shape to the body protect vital organs Scaffold for muscles, to allow movement Source of blood manufacture Mineral reservoir Structure of the skeletal system Comprised of ~206 bones Bones are joined at joints Ligaments hold bones together Tendons mount muscle onto bone Cartilage protects the ends of bones Two major parts of skeletonaxial and appendicular Kinds of bones • • • • Short bones Long bones Flat bones Irregular bones Long bones at the macroscale • • • • • Cartilage at ends Hollow marrow cavity Spongy bone at ends Compact bone along shaft Epiphyseal plate is source of bone growth (becomes line in adults) • Epiphysis- ends of long bones • Diaphysis- shaft Compact & spongy bone at the microscale • Osteocytes- connective tissue with a calcified matrix • Fed by vessels of Haversian canals (canaliculi) of osteon • Interstices of spongy bone contain red marrow Bone marrow is the source of blood cells Red marrow manufactures nearly all blood cells • RBC’s, most WBC’s, platelets • Red blood cells carry oxygen to your entire body • No nuclei • White blood cells are the principal part of your immune system • Platelets clot blood • Yellow marrow is mineralrich fat stoage adipocytes Ball of femur showing marrow Hematopoetic stem cells reside in red bone marrow Bones are made by osteoblasts – connective tissue – Collagen matrix – Infused with calcium ions for hardness – Calcium in bones is calcium phosphate • Bones begin as hyaline cartilage • Ossify gradually during development • When bones tissue is fully formed, osteoblasts become osteocytes • Osteoclasts continually break down bone Forming bone collar Cartilage model of future bone in embryo When organs form in embryo, blood vessel invades model; osteoblasts start producing bone tissue; marrow cavity forms Remodeling and growth continue in newborn; secondary bone-forming centers appear at knobby ends of bone Mature bone of adult Fig. 5.2, p. 89 epiphyses Stepped Art Mature, living bone cells are called 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. osteoblasts. osteocytes. osteolytes. osteoclasts. osteopores. The skeleton • 2 main parts- axial and appendectory Axial Skeleton • Consists of 80 bones at the core of your body • Includes bones of skull, vertebral column, rib cage, hyoid, and ossicles Ossicles • Smallest bones in your body • Hearing bonesHammer, anvil and stirrup • Vibrate in conjunction with your eardrum The appendicular skeleton • 126 bones • Includes pelvic and shoulder girdles • Also includes bones of arms, legs, hands, and feet Skull bones cranial bones Pectoral girdle and upper limb bones clavicle facial bones Rib cage sternum ribs scapula humerus ulna Vertebral column (backbone) vertebrae radius phalanges carpals intervertebral disks metacarpals Pelvic girdle and lower limb bones pelvic girdle femur patella ligament bridging a knee joint, here sliced down through the middle, side view. AXIAL SKELETON tibia fibula APPENDICULAR SKELETON tarsals metatarsals phalanges Fig. 5.5, Parts of the Axial Skeleton • Skull- includes bones of brain case, as well as facial bones and mandible • Vertebral column • Rib cage • Hyoid bone • Ossicles The bones of the skull have fused joints Sinuses in the skull save weight The Vertebral Column has 5 major sections Figure 5.7 The hyoid bone is the mount for muscles of the larynx Parts of the appendicular skeleton • Pelvic Girdle- includes 2 pelvic bones • Shoulder girdleIncludes scapulae and clavicles • Arms, hands, legs, feet Parts of the appendicular skeleton The lower appendicular skeleton Pelvic Girdle The pelvis supports the intestines and legs In the female pelvis: • Bones are thinner • Angle greater than 90 degrees (called pubic arch) • Oval opening • Larger opening (for birth) • Acetabulum oriented acetabulum oriented more anterior • more laterally • Ilium more vertical ilium more flared Female Pelvis The Male pelvis has differences Male pelvis • • • • • Thicker Angle less than 90 degrees Heart opening Smaller opening Acetabulum oriented more laterally • Ilium more vertical The largest bone in the body is the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. femur. humerus. tibia. fibula. hipbone. Joints Joints connect two bones together • There are a few different kinds: • Immovable joint (fibrous joints) • Slightly movable joints (cartilaginous joints) • Freely movable joints (synovial joints) • The knee is a synovial joint • Synovial joints: • Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of long bones • Fluid filled space (filled with synovial fluid) • Ligaments hold bone to bone • Tendons hold muscle to bone Synovial joints can be classified by the movements they allow • Hinge joint(elbow, knee) • Ball and socket (shoulder, hip) • Pivot (between 1st and 2nd vertebrae (atlas and axis)) • Plane or gliding (processes between vertebrae)– allows slidng • Saddle(thumb) – movement at right angles • Ellipsoid (skull and atlas) – nearly hinge, rotation restricted © 2007 Thomson Higher Education gliding movement between carpals The bones in your wrist are gliding joints Fused joints cannot move • Fused joints can be found in the skull The first joints from the tips of your fingers are best described as 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ball and socket Hinge Gliding Saddle Fixed Descriptors of movement © 2007 Thomson Higher Education © 2007 Thomson Higher Education flexion at shoulder extension at shoulder flexion at knee extension at knee Fig. 5.11a © 2007 Thomson Higher Education hyperextension Fig. 5.11a circumduction © 2007 Thomson Higher Education © 2007 Thomson Higher Education rotation Fig. 5.11b, abduction adduction abduction abduction adduction adduction © 2007 Thomson Higher Education Fig. 5.11c, supination pronation © 2007 Thomson Higher Education Fig. 5.11d, Other joints move little or not at all – – Cartilaginous joints (such as between the vertebrae) have no gap, but are held together by cartilage and can move only a little. Fibrous joints also have no gap between the bones and hardly move; flat cranial bones are an example. intervertebral disks In-text Fig., p. 96 Disorders of the skeletal system • • • • • Strains and sprains Fractures Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoporosis Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Carpal-tunnel syndrome • Tendinitis • Cancer Strains and sprains • Stretched ligaments of a synovial joint- a strain • Tearing or rupture of ligaments is a sprain • Sprain of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common sports injury to the knee simple © 2007 Thomson Higher Education complete compound Kinds of Fractures Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder • Arthro- joint • -itis- “inflammation of” • Autoimmune- immune system fails to recognize self as self, and attacks • Mechanism not completely known • As cartilage proteins & synovial fluid leak from joints, immune system detects? Osteoporosis • Loss of bone mineral density due to malnutrition or age • Makes bones susceptible to compression or fracture • Some effects are reversible Does piezoelectricity serve as a signal for bone growth? • As bones are compressed, calcium crystals are compressed, releasing electrical charge • Weight-bearing exercise improves bone density Carpal-tunnel syndrome • A nerve is compressed in the wrist • Often results from misaligned workspace at sedentary job Tendinitis • What does it mean? The words simple, complete, and compound are all used to describe 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. shapes of bones. formation of bone architecture. bone remodeling. types of bone fractures. kinds of joints.
