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Final Review Organ Systems What is the correct anatomical position? • Standing erect • Face forward • Palms forward Know your directional terms • Here are a few: – – – – – – – Superior Inferior Dorsal Ventral Frontal Ipsilateral Keep going….. Organize the following words from smallest to largest. • Organs, Systems, Cells, Tissues, Organelles • Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems What organ system forms the is the outer covering of the body? • • • • • Lymphatic Respiratory Muscular Skeletal Integumentary • • • • • What organ system is responsible for gas exchange between the blood and the external environment? Lymphatic Respiratory Muscular Skeletal Integumentary • • • • • Which organ system is responsible for movement, posture, generating heat and stabilizing joints. Lymphatic Respiratory Muscular Skeletal Integumentary • • • • • Which system is responsible for the production of blood cells? Lymphatic Respiratory Muscular Skeletal Integumentary What system provides an internal framework for the body? • • • • • Lymphatic Respiratory Muscular Skeletal Integumentary Which system is pictured? • Endocrine/ Exocrine • • • • • • • This system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, waste, cell wastes, and hormones Lymphatic via blood. Respiratory Muscular Skeletal Integumentary Digestive Cardiovascular Reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum are found in which body cavity? • • • • A) Abdominal B) Pelvic C)Thoracic D) Spinal Cavity • • • • • • • Define the following words. Anterior Caudal Inferior Posterior Superior Dorsal Ventral The gall bladder, liver, stomach, small and large intestine are found in which body cavity? • • • • A) Abdominal B) Pelvic C)Thoracic D) Spinal Cavity The heart, lungs, and diaphragm are found in which body cavity? • • • • A) Abdominal B) Pelvic C)Thoracic D) Spinal Cavity This system is responsible for breaking down food to small particles which can be absorbed • • • • • • • • Lymphatic by the blood. Respiratory Muscular Skeletal Integumentary Digestive Cardiovascular Valence electrons are either transferred or shared in order to obtain 8 electrons in their outer most shell. (most stable configuration) Define Metabolism • The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body. This organelle is responsible for breaking down glucose molecules to make ATP. • • • • A) Lysosome B) Mitochondria C) Golgi Apparatus D) Nucleus This structure houses the DNA of the cell, which controls cellular activity. • • • • • A) Lysosome B) Mitochondria C) Golgi Apparatus D) Nucleus E) Cytoplasmic Reticulum This organelle is responsible for digesting and breaking down useless cell structures and foreign bodies that enter the cell. • A) Lysosome • • • • B) Mitochondria C) Golgi Apparatus D) Nucleus E) Ribosomes This is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. • • • • • A) Lysosome B) Mitochondria C) Golgi Apparatus D) Nucleus E) Ribosomes Define Tissue • A group of SIMILAR cells which specialize to form a specific FUNCTION. • Includes: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous This type of tissue connects body parts, and is the most widely distributed tissue in the whole body and include bone, cartilage, and blood. • A) Epithelial • B) Connective • C) Muscle • D) Nervous This type of tissue is considered the lining, covering, or glandular tissue of the body. • • • • A) Epithelial B) Connective C) Muscle D) Nervous This type of connective tissue is commonly called fat, and is used as an insulator. • • • • A) Adipose B) Loose Connective C) Bone D) Reticular Connective • • • • This type of connective tissue is highly compressible and forms disks between vertebrate in the spinal column. A) Hyaline cartilage B) Elastic Cartilage C) Fibrocartilage D) Adipose Contrast simple epithelia and stratified Epithelium • Simple epithelia- one layer of cells – Includes Simple Squamous , Cubodial, Columnar • Stratified epithelia- more than one layer of cell • • • • This type of simple epithelia tissue is found in walls of capillaries, allowing for gas exchange. A) Simple Cubodial B) Simple Squamous C) Simple Columnar D) Stratified Squamous • • • • This type of simple epithelial tissue is a single tall layer of cells often found in the digestive system. A) Simple Cubodial B) Simple Squamous C) Simple Columnar D) Stratified Squamous Skin Quiz 5 . Protection, Excretion, Temperature Regulation, and Vitamin D synthesis are all functions of which organ system? Integumentary System - Skin • • • • Name some accessory Organs of the Skin Hair Nails Oil glands Sweat gland Is skin the same thing as the integumentary system? • No. • Skin is a cutaneous membrane • Integumentary system includes sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails. • Integument= covering What is the jobs of the skin? Pg. 95 • Regulates heat loss. • Excretory functions for urea, salts, and water. • Water Retention • Manufactures proteins • Synthesizes vitamin D • Integrate with the nervous system for touch sensation What are the three layers of the skin? * What are the parts of the nail? • Used for protection • The root of the nail is embedded in the skin. Grows from the nail matrix. The cells, heavily Keratinized die. • Extends along the nail bed. • Lunula – moon shaped beginning of nail Fig4.7 pg. 102 Lun= moon What do the cutaneous glands do? • Exocrine glands that secrete onto the surface of the skin. Sebaceous & Sweat • Sebaceous Glands- Produce oil all over the body. Sebum used for softening, water retention, killing bacteria. Increases when testosterone is produced= Oily skin. • Sweat Glands- helps maintain homeostasis • Eccrine Glands: Cover Body, Contain H2O, Salt, Vit. C, Wastes, Lactic Acid • Apocrine glands- auxiliary and genital areas. Ducts empty into hair follicles. Diseases of the skin: Name them and their problems…. • • • • • • • Contact Dermatitis Psoriasis Impetigo Cold Sores Athletes Foot Alopecia Vitaligo and others… Name the 3 levels of burns and describe them. • First Degree- epidermis is burnt (1st layer of skin) • Second Degree- epidermis and dermis are burnt • Third Degree- burn goes down to the subcutaneous level. Skin blackens, and nerves are destroyed Quiz 6 Skeletal System • . A bone cell is also called… • • • • A) osteoblast B) osteoclast C) osteocyte D) osteoporosis Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4c What are the two types of bone marrow and explain their location and function. • 1) Red bone marrow- in flat bones in adults and all bones in babies. Creates red blood cells. • 2) Yellow bone marrow- in long bones of adults. Stores fats. Name the different joints of the skeletal system? • Immovable- sutures of the skull • Slightly moveable- vertebrae of backbone • Freely moveable- ball and socket joint of shoulder Name the four steps to bone repair. • • • • 1) Hematoma 2) Osteoclast 3) Osteoblasts 4) Osteocytes Explain the following bone diseases: Rickets, Osteoporosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis • Rickets- Vitamin D deficiency leading to the softening of bone (symptom ex :bow legged ness) • Osteoporosis- Lack of Calcium in the bone, problems are exaggerated due to lack of vitamins • Rheumatoid Arthritis- Autoimmune disorder, joints are attacked and bone eventually wears down. What are the parts of the bone? • • • • • Diaphysis Epiphysis Medullary Cavity Periosteum PG. 114 Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous joints Generally immovable; bones connected by fibrous tissue: sutures Cartilaginous joints Moving Joints Immovable or slightly moveable; bones connected by cartilage: spine Synovial joints Freely moveable; have joint cavity with synovial fluid: elbow, wrist Slide 5.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Unit- Quiz 7 A lack of ATP to the muscles will cause… • Muscle Failure and Cramping Skeletal Muscles do all of the following. • Moves body- primary function • Produces Body Heat • Causes fluids to flow through the lymphatic system Skeletal Muscle Quiz Yourself Name and Describe the muscle movements. • Flexion- decreases the angles between bones (contracting your bicep) • Extension- increasing the angles between bones (straightening the arm) • Dorsoflexion- foot moves up towards leg • Plantar- Foot points down like ballerina • Cirrcumduction- circular motion Name the muscle tissues and describe them. • Cardiac- involuntary muscle of the heart • Smooth- involuntary muscle used in the digestive system. Also part of the sympathetic nervous system. • Skeletal- Voluntary muscle. Striated with actin and myosin fibers. General Stuff You Must Know • 1) Be able to ID the Muscles of the body and their location (pg 182-184) • 2) Name and ID the major cavities of the body • 3) Name and ID the planes of the body • 4)Name and ID the bones of the body Nervous System • And the brain What are the 4 Major Parts of the Brain? • • • • 1) Cerebral Hemispheres 2) Diencephalon 3) Brain Stem 4) Cerebellum How is the brain protected? • Meninges: A connective membrane covering the CNS. • What are the 3 meninges? • Dura Mater: Tough Mother • Arachnoid Mater: Spider Mother, Cerebral Spinal Fluid Flows between Arachnoid and Pia Mater • Pia Mater: Gentle Mother What are the 4 lobes of the brain? What do they do? • Frontal Lobe: concentration and problem solving • Temporal Lobe: interprets & remembers visual and auditory patterns • Occipital Lobe: visual area • Parietal Lobe: speech, motor, sensations What is the job of the brain stem? • Midbrain: Connects the cerebrum to the rest of the nervous system • Pons: Control breathing • Medulla Oblongata: Controls heart rate, bp, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting What is the job of the nervous system? • Sensory function: Detect changes in and out of the body. • Motor function: Effect Muscles & glands. • Integrative function: To connect the Sensory and Motor function. Produces thought. What are the two major parts of the nervous system and what are they composed of? • Central nervous system: Brain and Spinal chord • Peripheral nervous system: All other nerves Vs. 2 Major Sub-Parts of the Nervous System • Somatic Nervous System – Called Voluntary Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System – Involuntary Nervous System: Pgs. 225-227 Parasympathetic – 2 Major Branches vs. Sympathetic • Sympathetic Nervous System • Parasympathetic What is nervous tissue? • Neurons: or nerve cells. Conduct the impulses. • Neuroglial cells: nurse cells to neurons. Protect, feed, speed up the signal. There are many different types for many different functions. What are the parts of a nerve? • • • • • • Axon Dendrite Cell Body Nucleus Myelin Node of Ranvier How is an action potential Action reached? Potential • Change in nerve membrane Explained permeability. Na+ rushes in the nerve is depolarized (loses its charge). • K+ then rushes out which repolarizes the nerve cell. Action • 1/1000 of a second. Both steps Potential together are the action potential. • Active transport soon reestablishes the resting potential. What do muscles and nerves have in common? • All or none response. The nerve impulse is either conducted or not. The intensity of the signal does not change. What kind of neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft? • Acetylcholine: Muscles • Epinephrine/ Adrenaline: Fight or Flight • Norepinephrine: almost the same as epinephrine but has no effect on the heart. • Dopamine: brain functions: not working= schizophrenia and Parkinson's • Seratonin: suppresses pain impulses