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Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 3 – Part 3 Tissues Body Tissues Tissues Groups of cells with similar structure and function 4 primary types: Epithelium Connective Nervous Muscle Epithelial Tissues Found in different areas: Body Coverings Body Linings Glandular Tissue Functions: Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion Epithelial Tissues Epithelium Characteristics: Cells fit closely together Have no blood supply of their own Classification of Epithelium Number of Cell Layers: Simple = one layer Stratified = more than one layer Shape of Cells: Squamous = flattened Cuboidal = cube shaped Columnar = column like Classification of Epithelium Connective Tissue Includes the most abundant tissues Functions: Binds body tissues together Supports the body Provides protection Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix: Non-living material that surrounds living cells Two main elements: Ground substance = mostly water along with proteins and polysaccharides Fibers Muscle Tissue Function is to produce movement Three types: Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Nervous Tissue Comprised of neurons and nerve support cells Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body Tissue Repair Regeneration Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells Fibrosis Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) Events in Tissue Repair Capillaries become very permeable Regeneration of surface epithelium Regeneration of Tissues Tissues that regenerate easily: Tissues that regenerate poorly: Epithelial Fibrous Connective Bone Skeletal Muscle Tissues that are replace largely with scar tissue: Cardiac Muscle Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord Developmental Aspects of Tissues With old age there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues. Developmental Aspects of Tissues Some cells lose their ability to divide when they are fully mature. This is called AMITOTIC For example: heart muscle and nervous tissue However, if these tissues are injured, the lost cells cannot be replaced by the same type of cells but by scar tissue. If a cell multiplies wildly, the abnormal cell mass is known as NEOPLASM. May be benign or malignant (cancerous) Simple Epithelium Simple Squamous Single layer of flat cells Lines body cavities Lines lungs and capillaries Simple Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Single layer of cubelike cells Covers the ovaries Simple Epithelium Simple Columnar Single layer of tall cells Includes GOBLET CELLS – produce mucus for secretion Lines the digestive tract Simple Epithelium Pseudostratified Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others Found in the respiratory tract – has cilia Functions in absorption and secretion Stratified Epithelium Stratified Squamous Several layers of flat cells Locations: Skin Mouth Esophagus Stratified Epithelium Transitional Epithelium Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching Lines organs of the urinary system to help stretch the bladder Glandular Epithelium Gland = one or more cells that secretes a particular product Two major gland types: Endocrine Glands Ductless Secretions hormones directly into the blood Exocrine Glands Have ducts Include sweat and oil glands Connective Tissue Types Dense Connective Made up of collagen fibers Examples: tendons and ligaments Connective Tissue Types Adipose Made of areolar tissue with fat globules Functions: Insulates the body Protects organs Serves as a site of fuel storage Connective Tissue Types Areolar Most widely distributed connective tissue Soft tissue Contains all fiber types Connective Tissue Types Hyaline Cartilage Most common cartilage Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Connective Tissue Types Elastic Cartilage Made of elastic fibers Provides elasticity Example: supports the external ear Connective Tissue Types Fibrocartilage Highly compressible Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae Connective Tissue Types Bone Composed of a hard matrix of calcium salts Used to protect and support the body Connective Tissue Types Blood Blood cells are surrounded by fluid matrix Functions as the transport vehicle for materials Connective Tissue Types Reticular Delicate network of interwoven fibers Forms internal support for the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow Muscle Tissue Types Skeletal Muscle Can be controlled voluntarily Cells are striated Cells have more than one nucleus Attached to the bones Function: Movement Muscle Tissue Types Smooth Muscle Involuntary muscle Surrounds hollow organs No visible striations One nucleus per cell Function: movement Muscle Tissue Types Cardiac Muscle Found ONLY in the HEART Cells are striated One nucleus per cell Function: pump blood