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The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
 Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts
Physiology
 Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy—Levels of Study
 Gross anatomy
 Large structures
 Easily observable
Figure 14.1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy—Levels of Study
 Microscopic Anatomy
 Very small
structures
 Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 2
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Figure 1.1, step 3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Figure 1.1, step 4
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1, step 5
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1, step 6
Organ System Overview
 Integumentary
 Forms the external body
covering
 Protects deeper tissue from
injury
 Helps regulate body
temperature
 Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Skeletal
 Protects and supports
body organs
 Provides muscle
attachment for movement
 Site of blood cell
formation
 Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Muscular
 Produces movement
 Maintains posture
 Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Nervous
 Fast-acting control
system
 Responds to internal and
external change
 Activates muscles and
glands
Figure 1.2d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Endocrine
 Secretes regulatory
hormones
 Growth
 Reproduction
 Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Cardiovascular
 Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
 Nutrients
 Wastes
Figure 1.2f
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Lymphatic
 Returns fluids to blood
vessels
 Cleanses the blood
 Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Respiratory
 Keeps blood supplied with
oxygen
 Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Digestive
 Breaks down food
 Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
 Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Urinary
 Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
 Maintains acid-base
balance
 Regulates water and
electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ System Overview
 Reproductive
 Produces
offspring
Figure 1.2k–l
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings