Download Neuromuscular Fundamentals

2-1
Kinesiology for Manual Therapies
Chapter 2
Neuromuscular Fundamentals
McGraw-Hill
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Learning Outcomes
o
o
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2-1 Review the basic anatomy and
function of the muscular and
nervous systems.
2-2 Identify terminology used to
describe muscular locations,
arrangements, characteristics, and
roles, as well as neuromuscular
functions.
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Learning Outcomes
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2-3 List the different types of
muscle contractions and the factors
involved in each.
2-4 Define neuromuscular concepts
in relation to how muscles function
in joint movement and work
together to achieve motion.
2-5 Describe the neural control
mechanisms for movement.
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2-4
Introduction
 Muscle
contraction produces the force that
causes joint movement.
 Muscles provide protection, contribute to
posture, and support and produce a major
portion of body heat.
 There are more than 600 skeletal muscles.
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2-5
Introduction (cont.)
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Aggregate muscle action – muscles
work in groups to achieve joint
movement
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Muscle Nomenclature

Muscles are named for:
 Shape,
size, number of divisions
 Direction of fibers, location, points of
attachment
 Action, action and shape, action and size
 Shape and location, location and attachment
 Location and number of divisions
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2-7
Shape of Muscles and Fascicle
Arrangement
Skeletal muscles may be grouped in
two major types of fiber arrangements:
parallel and pennate.
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Shape of Muscles and Fascicle
Arrangement
Parallel muscles have fibers arranged
parallel to the length of the muscle and
are categorized into shape.
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2-9
Shape of Muscles and Fascicle
Arrangement (cont.)
Parallel muscles include:
 Flat
 Fusiform
 Strap
 Radiate
 Sphincter
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2-10
Shape of Muscles and Fascicle
Arrangement (cont.)
Classification of Muscles
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Shape of Muscles and Fascicle
Arrangement (cont.)
Pennate muscles have shorter fibers that
are arranged obliquely similar to a
feather.
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2-12
Shape of Muscles and Fascicle
Arrangement (cont.)
Pennate muscles are categorized on the
basis of the exact arrangement between
the fibers and the tendon:
 Unipennate
 Bipennate
 Multipennate
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2-13
Muscle-Tissue Properties
Skeletal muscle tissue has four
properties related to its ability to
produce force and movement about the
joints.
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Muscle-Tissue Properties (cont.)
Irritability
 Contractibility
 Extensibility
 Elasticity
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Muscle Terminology
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Action
Innervation
Amplitude
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Gaster
Tendon
Origin
Insertion
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The Muscular System
Anterior View
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The Muscular System (cont.)
Posterior View
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2-18
Contraction: The Sliding-Filament
Theory
Myofilaments in muscle do not
shorten during a contraction, but thin
filaments slide over thick ones and pull
the Z disks behind them.
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Contraction: The Sliding-Filament
Theory (cont.)
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Types of Muscle Contractions
(Actions)
Isometric – static contractions
 Isotonic – dynamic contractions
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Types of Muscle Contractions
(Actions)
Isotonic contractions
 Concentric - shortening
 Eccentric - lengthening
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Types of Muscle Contractions
(Actions) (cont.)
Roles of Muscles
 Agonists, Antagonists, Stabilizers,
Synergists, and Neutalizers
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2-23
Tying Roles of Muscles All
Together
Actions of muscles that are performed depend
on several factors, such as the motor units
activated, joint position, muscle length, and
relative contraction or relaxation of other
muscles acting on the joint.
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Tying Roles of Muscles All
Together (cont.)
Agonist muscles are primarily
responsible for a given movement.
 Antagonist muscles must perform the
opposing action.
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Tying Roles of Muscles All
Together
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Determination of Muscle Action
The specific action of a muscle may
be determined through a variety of
methods.
 Lines of pull, anatomical dissection,
palpation, models, electromyography,
and electrical stimulation
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Determination of Muscle Action
Lines of Pull
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Combining the knowledge of a
particular joint’s functional design and
the specific location of a
musculotendinous unit as it crosses a
joint is extremely helpful in
understanding the muscle’s action on
the joint.
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Determination of Muscle Action
Lines of Pull (cont.)
The following factors will help the
student understand the line of pull:
 Bony landmarks
 Planes of motion
 Axes of rotation
 Ability of the line of pull to change
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Determination of Muscle Action
Lines of Pull (cont.)
Other muscles contraction or
relaxation
 Muscle length-tension relationship
 Biarticular or multiarticular muscles
 The direction of the fibers of muscles
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2-30
Neural Control of Voluntary
Movement
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All voluntary movement is the result
of the muscular and nervous system
working together.
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Neural Control of Voluntary
Movement (cont.)
Five levels of control:
 Cerebral cortex
 Basal ganglia
 Cerebellum
 Brainstem
 Spinal cord
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Neural Control of Voluntary
Movement (cont.)
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PNS – peripheral nervous system
Sensory and motor divisions
Spinal nerves
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Neural Control of Voluntary
Movement (cont.)
The spinal nerve roots
and plexuses
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Neural Control of Voluntary
Movement (cont.)
Dermatome
 Myotome
 Neurons
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Proprioception and Kinesthesis
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Proprioceptors are internal receptors
located in the skin, joints, muscles,
and tendons that provide feedback
relative to tension, length, contraction
of muscles, position of body, and
movement of joints.
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Proprioception and Kinesthesis
(cont.)
Muscle spindles
 Stretch reflex
 Golgi tendon organ
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Proprioception and Kinesthesis
(cont.)
Muscle spindles
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Proprioception and Kinesthesis
(cont.)
The patellar tendon
reflex arc
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Proprioception and Kinesthesis
(cont.)
A Golgi tendon
organ
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2-40
Neuromuscular Concepts
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All-or-none principle - the individual
muscle fibers within a given motor
unit will fire and contract either
maximally or not at all.
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2-41
Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.)
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Factors affecting muscle tension
development include the action
potential, subthreshold stimulus,
threshold stimulus, and the
submaximal stimuli.
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2-42
Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.)
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Treppe is another type of muscle
contraction that occurs when multiple
maximal stimuli are provided at a
low-enough frequency to allow
complete relaxation between
contractions.
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2-43
Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.)
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Muscle length-tension relationship The maximal ability of a muscle to
develop tension and exert force varies
depending on the length of the muscle
during contraction.
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2-44
Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.)
Muscle length-tension
relationship
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Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.)

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Muscle force-velocity relationship –
When the muscle is either
concentrically or eccentrically
contracting, the rate of length change
is significantly related to the amount
of force potential.
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2-46
Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.)

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Angle of pull is defined as the angle
between the line of pull of the muscle
and the bone on which it inserts.
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2-47
Neuromuscular Concepts (cont.)
Uniarticular, biarticular, and
multiarticular muscles
 Reciprocal inhibition
 Active and passive insufficiency
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2-48
Chapter Summary

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Review the chapter summary for
highlights of chapter content.
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2-49
Chapter Review
The Chapter Review is divided into true
and false, short answers, and multiple
choice questions.
 The questions are designed for the
students to test their knowledge.

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Explore and Practice
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Various levels of practice are explored
with lab questions and charts to help
review the material from this chapter.
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