Download The Skeletal System PPT

GCSE Physical Education
The Skeletal System
Part 1 – The structure of the skeletal system
Objectives…
1. To be aware of the bones that make up the skeletal system.
2. To consider the particular functions that the skeletal system performs.
Part 2 – The role of the skeletal system
Objectives…
1. To be aware of how movement occurs through joints.
2. To consider the types of movement that are possible because of the skeletal
system.
Functions of the skeleton
The skeleton performs many functions in the body.
1 Shape – The skeleton gives us our
shape and determines our size.
2 Support – The skeleton supports
muscles and organs.
3 Protection – The skeleton protects delicate
parts of the body like the brain and lungs.
4 Movement – The skeleton allows us to move. Muscles
are attached to the bones and move them as levers.
5 Blood cell production – blood
cells are made in the bone marrow.
Shape and Size
Support
The skeleton acts as a framework.
It gives the body support, enabling
us to stand and walk upright.
The bones of the back and chest
support internal organs and help to
keep them in place.
The bones of the body are held
together by ligaments.
The skeleton provides a framework
for the muscles, which are attached
to bones by tendons.
Can you imagine what humans would look like if
they didn’t have bones to support them?
Movement
Bones work with muscles to produce movement.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
Bones have surfaces that allow for strong attachment.
Tendons fuse with the tough Periosteum membrane on the
outside of the bone.
Muscle
Tendon
Periosteum
Bone
Movement
Protection
Some of our body parts, such as the
brain, are very delicate and need
protection from external forces.
cranium
Bones can protect body parts from
impacts and injuries.
The cranium protects the brain.
It encloses the brain entirely in a
shell of bone.
The rib cage protects the delicate
organs of the chest.
Can you think of two reasons why the rib cage has
gaps in it rather than being a solid shell of bone?
Blood cell production
Red and white blood cells and
platelets are made in the bones.
The ends of long bones and
some other bones including the
ribs, humerus, femur and even
vertebrae bones, contain red
bone marrow.
This is where the blood cells
are produced.
The shaft of long bones is filled
with yellow bone marrow which
does not produce blood cells.
Red
marrow
embedded
in spongy
bone
Yellow
bone
marrow in
the shaft
Naming bones
Cranium (skull)
Clavicle
(collar bone)
Sternum
(breast bone)
Ribs
Humerus
Ilium
(part of
the pelvis)
Patella
(knee cap)
Tibia
Fibula
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Naming bones
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Vertebral column (spine)
HAND
Carpals
Metacarpals
FOOT
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Quick TEST – try to do it without
looking at your notes
Naming bones
Classification of bones – long bones
Long bones have a long shaft.
They are responsible for a lot of
movement.
Long bones include the femur,
humerus, tibia, fibula, the metatarsals,
metacarpals and phalanges.
Long bones contain red bone
marrow for producing blood cells.
Long bone
Classification of bones – flat bones
Flat bones perform a variety
of functions. These include:
protection for delicate areas, for
example, the cranium protects
the brain.
areas for muscle attachment.
Cranium
They have a large surface area.
Classification of bones – short bones
Short bones are very light
and very strong.
They are small and squat in
shape.
The carpals in the wrist and
the tarsals in the foot are
examples of short bones.
tarsals
carpals
Classification of bones – irregular bones
Irregular bones are specially
shaped to perform a particular
function.
patella
Examples include the patella
and the vertebrae.
The patella is shaped so that
the quadriceps tendon slides
easily over the knee joint.
Bones and joint movements
GCSE Physical Education
The Skeletal System
Part 1 – The structure of the skeletal system
Objectives…
1. To be aware of the bones that make up the skeletal system.
2. To consider the particular functions that the skeletal system performs.
Part 2 – The role of the skeletal system
Objectives…
1. To be aware of how movement occurs through joints.
2. To consider the types of movement that are possible because of the skeletal
system.
Main types of Joint
• Immovable – no movement allowed (bones of the
cranium)
• Slightly Moveable – a good example is the Joint
between the vertebrae
• Freely moveable – also called Synovial
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ball and Socket
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
Saddle
Condyloid
Movement
Movement
Our joints allow us to move in a number of different ways
– Flexion – the decrease of an angle between two bones at a joint
(bending a limb)
• Eg. ‘Flexing’ your arm when doing a bicep curl in the gym
– Extension – The increase of an angle between two bones at a joint
(straightening a limb)
• Eg. At the point of contact with a football the leg is extended
– Abduction – taking a limb away from the centre line of the body
• Eg. When stepping out to play a shot in badminton the leg is abducted
– Adduction – Bringing a limb back in towards the centre line of the body
• Eg. When hitting a forehand tennis stroke, after contact the arms comes back
to the centre line of the body
– Rotation – where a bone turn on its axis
• Eg. When turning the head to look sideways the pivot joint in the neck is
allowing rotation
Ball and Socket Joint – such as the hip
• Movement allowed
–
–
–
–
–
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Adduction
Abduction
Hinge Joint – such as the elbow
• Movement allowed
– Flexion and Extension
only
Elbow
Pivot Joint – such as the neck
• Allows rotation only
• Is found in the neck
where the atlas and axis
work to allow to turn our
heads
Gliding Joint – such as the bones in the hand
• These joints glide across each other to allow slight
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
• Gliding joints have flattened or curved faces.
• Good examples are the carpal and tarsal bones in the
wrist and foot
Saddle Joint – such as the thumb
• These joints have one surface that is convex and the
other is concave.
• These joints allow flexion, extension, adduction,
abduction but no rotation
Condyloid Joint – such as the wrist
• These joints appear as a ‘shallow saddle’
• These joints allow flexion, extension, adduction,
abduction
Tendons
The role of a tendon is to
attach muscle to bone so that
when a muscle contracts it
moves the bones
Ligaments and Cartilage
• Ligaments
Attach bone to bone
–
–
–
Tough fibrous straps
They provide stability to the joint
They help to prevent injury
• Cartilage
Found between the ends of bones
• Smooth shiny surface
• Prevents friction
• Protects bone surface