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Cecie Starr
Christine Evers
Lisa Starr
www.cengage.com/biology/starr
Chapter 28
Animal Tissues and
Organ Systems
(Sections 28.4 - 28.6)
Albia Dugger • Miami Dade College
28.4 Connective Tissues
• Connective tissues “connect” tissues to one another, both
functionally and structurally
• Different types bind, organize, support, strengthen, protect,
and insulate other tissues
• connective tissue
• Animal tissue contain cells scattered within an
extracellular matrix of their own secretions
• Provides structural and functional support
Connective Tissues
• Connective tissues are described by the types of cells that
they include and the composition of their extracellular matrix
• There are two types of soft connective tissues: loose and
dense, which have the same components but differ in the
proportions
• Cartilage, bone tissue, adipose tissue, and blood are
classified as specialized connective tissues
Soft Connective Tissues
• In soft connective tissues, the most abundant cells are
fibroblasts, cells that secrete complex carbohydrates and
fibers of the structural proteins collagen and elastin
• The most common type of connective tissue in the vertebrate
body is loose connective tissue
• loose connective tissue
• Relatively few fibroblasts and fibers in its matrix
• Holds organs and epithelia in place
Loose Connective Tissue
• Fibroblasts and other
cells scattered in a soft
matrix with relatively
few fibers
• Common Locations:
Beneath skin and most
epithelia
• Functions: Elasticity,
diffusion
Loose
Connective
Tissue
collagen fiber
fibroblast
elastic fiber
A Loose connective tissue
Fibroblasts and other cells scattered
in a squishy matrix with relatively
few fibers
Common Locations Beneath skin
and most epithelia
Functions Elasticity, diffusion
Fig. 28.8a, p. 454
Soft Connective Tissues (cont.)
• Dense connective tissues include dense, irregular
connective tissue, and dense, regular connective tissue
• dense, irregular connective tissue
• Asymmetrically arranged fibers and fibroblasts
• Forms deep skin layers, capsules around organs
• dense, regular connective tissue
• Fibroblasts in rows between parallel fibers
• Tendons and ligaments
Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue
• Fibroblasts in semisolid
matrix with many
loosely interwoven
collagen fibers
• Common Locations: In
skin and in capsules
around some organs
• Function: Structural
support
Dense,
Irregular
Connective
Tissue
collagen
fibers
B Dense, irregular connective
tissue Fibroblasts in a semisolid
matrix with many loosely
interwoven collagen fibers
Common Locations In skin and in
capsules around some organs
Function Structural support
Fig. 28.8b, p. 454
Dense, Regular Connective Tissue
• Fibroblasts in rows
between tight parallel
bundles of many
collagen Fibers
• Common Locations:
Tendons, ligaments
• Functions: Strength,
elasticity
Dense,
Regular
Connective
Tissue
collagen fibers
fibroblast
C Dense, regular connective
tissue Fibroblasts in rows
between tight parallel bundles
of many collagen fibers
Common Locations Tendons,
ligaments
Functions Strength, elasticity
Fig. 28.8c, p. 454
Specialized Connective Tissues
• Cartilage is found in shark skeletons, human embryos (forms
a model for the developing skeleton) , and in adults (in joints,
between vertebrae, and in support structures)
• cartilage
• Cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of collagen fibers
and rubbery, compression-resistant glycoproteins
• Blood vessels do not extend through cartilage
Cartilage
• Chondrocytes and
collagen fibers in a
rubbery matrix
• Common Locations:
Nose, ends of long
bones, airways,
vertebrate embryo
• Functions Support,
protection, low-friction
joint surfaces
Cartilage
glycoprotein-rich
matrix with fine
collagen fibers
cartilage cell
(chondrocyte)
D Cartilage Chondrocytes and
collagen fibers in a rubbery matrix
Common Locations Nose, ends of
long bones, airways, skeleton of cartilaginous fish, vertebrate embryo
Functions Support, protection, lowfriction surface for joint movements
Fig. 28.8d, p. 454
Specialized Connective Tissues (cont.)
• Adipose tissue is the body’s main energy reservoir, cushions
and protects body parts, and a layer under the skin insulates
the body to keep internal temperature within an optimal range
• adipose tissue
• Connective tissue specializing in fat storage
• Small blood vessels carry fats to and from cells
Adipose Tissue
• Large, tightly packed fat
cells with little
extracellular matrix
• Common Locations:
Under skin, around the
heart and the kidneys
• Functions: Energy
storage, insulation,
padding
Adipose
Tissue
nucleus
cell bulging
with fat
droplet
E Adipose tissue Large, tightly
packed fat cells with little extracellular matrix
Common Locations Under skin,
around the heart and the kidneys
Functions Energy storage, insulation, padding
Fig. 28.8e, p. 455
Specialized Connective Tissues (cont.)
• Bone tissue is the main tissue of bones, which support and
protect the body, and allow movement
• Blood cells form in the spongy interior of some bones
• bone tissue
• Living cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of
their own calcium-hardened secretions
Bone Tissue
• Collagen fibers,
osteocytes in chambers
inside an extensive,
calcium-hardened
extracellular matrix
• Location: All bony
vertebrate skeletons
• Functions: Movement,
support, protection
Bone Tissue
compact
bone tissue
blood vessel
bone cell
(osteocyte)
F Bone tissue Collagen fibers,
osteocytes in chambers inside
an extensive, calcium-hardened
extracellular matrix
Location All bony vertebrate
skeletons
Functions Movement, support,
protection
Fig. 28.8f, p. 455
Specialized Connective Tissues (cont.)
• Blood consists plasma and cellular components that form
inside bones
• blood fluid
• Red blood cells transport oxygen
• White blood cells defend the body against pathogens
• Platelets function in clot formation
• Plasma is a fluid extracellular matrix consisting mostly of
water, with dissolved proteins, nutrients, gases, and other
substances
Blood
• Protein-rich fluid
plasma with cellular
components
• Location: Inside
blood vessels
• Functions: Distributes
essential gases,
nutrients; removes
waste
Blood
Plasma
white
blood
cell
red
blood
cell
platelet
G Blood Protein-rich fluid plasma
with cellular components
Location Inside blood vessels
Functions Distributes essential
gases, nutrients; removes waste
Fig. 28.8g, p. 455
ANIMATION: Soft connective tissues
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ANIMATION: Specialized connective
tissues
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28.5 Muscle Tissues
• Muscle tissues contract (shorten) when stimulated – they help
move the body and its component parts
• Vertebrates have three types of muscle tissue: skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues
•
Each type has unique properties that reflect its functions
Key Terms
• skeletal muscle tissue
• Muscle that interacts with bone to move body parts; under
voluntary control
• cardiac muscle tissue
• Muscle of the heart wall
• smooth muscle tissue
• Muscle that lines blood vessels and forms the wall of
hollow organs
Skeletal Muscle
• Long, multinucleated,
cylindrical cells with
conspicuous striping
(striations)
• Interacts with bone to
bring about movement,
maintain posture
• Reflex activated, but
also under voluntary
control
Skeletal Muscle
nucleus
A Skeletal muscle
• Long, multinucleated, cylindrical
cells with conspicuous striping
(striations)
• Interacts with bone to bring about
movement, maintain posture
• Reflex activated, but also under
voluntary control
Fig. 28.9a, p. 456
Cardiac Muscle
• Striated cells attached
end to end, each with a
single nucleus
• Found only in the heart
wall
• Contraction is not under
voluntary control
Cardiac
Muscle
nucleus
adjoining
ends of
abutting
cells
B Cardiac muscle
• Striated cells attached end to
end, each with a single nucleus
• Found only in the heart wall
• Contraction is not under
voluntary control
Fig. 28.9b, p. 456
Smooth Muscle
• Cells with a single
nucleus, tapered ends,
and no striations
• Found in walls of some
blood vessels, digestive
tract, reproductive tract,
bladder, and other
hollow organs
• Contraction is not under
voluntary control
Smooth Muscle
nucleus
C Smooth muscle
• Cells with a single nucleus,
tapered ends, and no striations
• Found in the walls of some blood
vessels, the digestive tract, the
reproductive tract, the bladder,
and other hollow organs
• Contraction is not under voluntary
control
Fig. 28.9c, p. 456
ANIMATION: Muscle tissues
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28.6 Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue consists of specialized signaling cells
(neurons) and the cells that support them (neuroglia)
• nervous tissue
• Animal tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells
• Detects stimuli and controls responses to them
• neuron
• One of the cells that make up communication lines of
nervous systems
Neuron Structure
• A neuron has a cell body with a nucleus and other organelles
• Projecting from the cell body are long cytoplasmic extensions
that allow the cell to receive and send electrochemical
signals
• Neuroglial cells wrap around the signal-sending cytoplasmic
extensions of most motor neurons – they act as insulation and
speed the rate at which signals travel
A Motor Neuron
A Motor
Neuron
signal
receiving
extensions
cell body
of neuron
signal-sending
extension
neuroglial cell
wrapped around
a signal-sending
cytoplasmic
extension of
the neuron
Fig. 28.10, p. 457
Neuron Function
• Neurons in nervous tissue make up communication lines
through the body
• Different kinds detect, integrate, and assess information about
internal and external conditions, and deliver commands to
muscles and glands that carry out responses
• A neuron transmits electrical signals along its plasma
membrane, and communicates with other cells through
chemical messages
Three Types of Neurons
• Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli, such as light
or pressure
• Interneurons receive and integrate sensory information
• Store information and coordinate responses to stimuli
• In vertebrates, interneurons occur mainly in the brain and
spinal cord
• Motor neurons relay commands from the brain and spinal
cord to glands and muscle cells
Interaction Between Nerves and Muscle
• Interneurons in the lizard’s brain are stimulated by the sight of
a tasty fly – signals flow from the interneurons along motor
neurons to tongue muscles
Key Concepts
• Animal Tissues
• Epithelial tissues cover external surfaces and line cavities
and tubes
• Connective tissues bind, support, strengthen, protect, and
insulate other tissues
• Contraction of muscle tissue moves body parts
• Nervous tissue provides local and long-distance lines of
communication
ANIMATION: Functional zones of a motor
neuron
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