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Causes of and events of World War II; Cold War in Europe; conflict between US & USSR 1945-1950 Anna Cope and Stephanie Avelos Table of Contents Causes of World War II • League of Nation • Treaty of Versailles • Appeasement • Hitler's Actions Cold War in Europe • Yalta Conference • Division of Germany • Berlin Blockade • Marshall Plan Events of World War II • Germany invades Poland • Stalingrad • Peral Harbor • D-Day Conflicts between the US & USSR 1945 - 1950 • Turkey 1945 - 1946 • Iran 1946 • Greece • Truman Doctrine 1947 Causes of World War II The League of Nations The purpose of the League of Nations was to create and keep peace between countries and to prevent another World War. • Why did it fail? - Not all countries joined - The League had no power - The League had no army - Unable to act quickly Causes of World War II The Treaty of Versaille 1919 • International agreement, signed in 1919 at the Palace of Versailles, that concluded World War I. It was negotiated primarily by the U.S., Britain, and France, without participation by the war's losers • Germany was forced to accept blame for Allied losses and to pay major reparations. Its European territory was reduced by about 10%, its overseas possessions were confiscated, and its military establishment was reduced. • Although some of the treaty's terms were eased in the 1920s, the bitterness it created helped to foster an environment that led to the growth of fascism in Italy and the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany. Causes of World War II Appeasement 1930s • Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved nation through negotiation in order to prevent war • During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed restrictions on Germany that were unfair. Hitler's actions were seen as understandable and justifiable • He believed that the Treaty of Versailles had treated Germany badly and that there were a number of issues associated with the Treaty that needed to be put right. He felt that giving in to Hitler's demands would prevent another war. Causes of World War II Hitler's Actions 1930s • At this time Hitler was rapidly gaining popularity • His speeches of bringing back Germany's former glory were very popular o The German people were very offended at everything the Treaty did to them and Hitler voiced their opinions • In 1933, Hitler became chanceller and secretly built up Germany's army and weapons o In 1936, he ordered German troops to enter the Rhindland Events of World War II Germany invades Poland 1939 • On September 1st, 1939, German planes opened fire on Poland without declaration of war • This decision was a gamble because the German army was not a full strength and the economy was still in peacetime production but it was part of the German expansionism that Hitler wanted • Hitler was confident that Britain and France would make a peace deal rather than go to war • Britain and France formed an alliance with Poland on 26 of August 1939 and declare war on Germany after the attack starting World War II in Europe. Events of World War II Stalingrad 1942 • On August 23rd, 1942, Germany and its allies fought for control of Stalingrad. • Hitler wanted Stalingrad because for one it was a major industrial city on the vital transport route, the Volga river, and its capture would secure German armies as they marched towards Stalin's fuel region. • German forces took control of over 90% of the city with intense bombings but the last Soviet defenders were hard to take down lasting until the harsh Russian winter came forcing the German forces to break despite Hitler's refusal to surrender. • It was one of the bloodiest battles in history with almost 2 million deaths with crippling losses suffered by Germany's military making German victory in the East impossible. Events of World War II Pearl Harbor 1942 • Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1942 hoping to neutralize the American fleet and destroy all their carriers and take control over their Pacific bases like Guam. All American carriers were out at the time • Japan was looking for natural resources to supply their armies with as the US had cut off supplies with them long ago to stop them from invading China. • This attack took place before any official declaration of war was issued but the result of this attack was the imergence of America in the war Events of World War II D-Day 1944 • On June 6th, 1944 6:30am, 160,000 Allied troops landed along the French coastline in order to push back Germany from Normandy, France. • Before June, American involvement had given the Allies the support (troops, supplies, etc) they needed to defeat Germany so D-Day was not a turning point in the war • Helped open a front in the West as Soviet Russia had slowly, covered the East front. Now, the Allies were fighting Germany on both sides • The war concluded within a year after Cold War in Europe Yalta Conference 1945 • Conference of Allied leaders at Yalta to plan Germany's defeat in World War II • Franklin Rosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin discussed the postwar occupation of Germany, postwar assistance to the German people, German disarmament, war-crimes trials, the fate of the defeated or liberated states of eastern Europe, voting in the future United Nations Security Council, and German reparations. • Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan after the German surrender. Roosevelt died two months later, and Stalin broke his promise to allow democratic elections in eastern Europe Cold War in Europe Division of Germany • As a consequence of the defeat of the Nazi Germany in World War II and the onset of the Cold War, the country was split between the two global blocs in the East and West • There were four division zones with France, US, Britain, and the Soviet Union each having one • The original plan was to lower the industrial power of Germany by at least 50% • With the beginning of the Cold war, the U.S. policy gradually changed as it became evident that a return to operation of West German industry was needed not only for the restoration of the whole European economy, but also for the rearmament of West Germany as an ally against the Soviet Union Cold War in Europe Berlin Blockade 1948-9 • International crises that arose from an attempt by the Soviet Union to force the Allied powersto abandon their postwar jurisdictions in West Berlin o US, France, and Britain • The Soviets, regarding the economic consolidation of the three Allied occupation zones in Germany in 1948 as a threat to the East German economy, blockaded all transportation routes between Berlin and West Germany • The U.S. and Britain responded by supplying the city with food and other supplies by military air transport and airlifting out West Berlin exports • An Allied embargo on exports from the Eastern bloc forced the Soviets to lift the blockade after 11 months. Cold War in Europe Marshall Plan 1948-51 • U.S.-sponsored program to provide economic aid to European countries after World War II • The idea of a European self-help plan financed by the U.S. was proposed by George Marshall in 1947 and was authorized by Congress as the European Recovery Program • It provided almost $13 billion in grants and loans to 17 countries and was a key factor in reviving their economies and stabilizing their political structures. The plan's concept was extended to less-developed countries under the Point Four Program. Conflicts Between US & USSR Turkey 1945 - 1946 Conflicts Between US & USSR Iran 1946 Conflicts Between US & USSR Greece Conflicts Between US & USSR Truman Doctrine 1947 • Pronouncement by Harry Truman, on March 12, 1947, he called for immediate economic and military aid to Greece, which was threatened by a communist insurrection, and to Turkey, which was under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean • Engaged in the Cold War with the Soviet Union, the U.S. sought to protect those countries from falling under Soviet influence after Britain announced that it could no longer give them aid. • In response to Truman's message, Congress appropriated $400 million in aid. Why, in spite of early successes, did the League of Nations fail to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War? Anna Cope and Stephanie Avelos Introduction • Thesis- The League of Nations was originally formed to promote world peace, but was a failure and one of the causes of WW2 because the league did not have any power, not all countries had joined, and was unable to act quickly Body 1 • Despite having early successes, the League of Nations did not have any real power o Previous successes came from countries that were of low economic standard anyway Greece/Bulgaria o The main weapon of the League was to ask member countries to stop trading with an aggressive country. However, this did not work because countries could still trade with non-member countries. When the world was hit by depression in the late 1920s countries were reluctant to lose trading partners to other non-member countries. o Did not stand up for all the weaker countries Body 2 • The League of Nations could not of worked unless all countries were present o US was a major economic power and never joined. This took away from the power of the league o As a punishment for having started World War One, Germany was not allowed to join and Russia was also excluded due to a growing fear of Communism. Other countries decided not to join and some joined but later left. o Without all the countries, countries would act for their own benefit not for the benift of the other countries Body 3 • The League of Nations was proven to act slowly, unable to make quick decisions o The Council of the League of Nations only met four times a year and decisions had to be agreed by all nations o When countries called for the League to intervene, the League had to set up an emergency meeting, hold discussions and gain the agreement of all members. This process meant that the League could not act quickly to stop an act of aggression such as WW2 o This showed dictators like Hitler and Mussolini that they could do what they wanted to and get away with it as they took a long time to make a decision about Mussolini's Abyssinian invasion Conclusion • The League of Nations failed to prevent the outbreak of war desipite having early successes because of their weak power. This weak power came from not having all the countries as members, not making decisions quick enough, and having successes in only weaker countries