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Causes of WWII Explain the concept of collective security. How was collective security designed to work within the framework of the League of Nations? What were the main objectives of the League of Nations? How were member states supposed to bring disputes to the League? Why were economic sanctions the League’s primary tool for bringing wayward states into line? Why was military action a last, and highly problematic, option? Describe the main bodies of the League and their purpose. How did the absence of the United States affect the League? Why was the USSR excluded from membership before 1934? Why was Germany excluded from the League until 1926? What was the impact of these countries’ absence? How successful was the League in resolving disputes based in Europe during the early 1920s? Why does P.M.H. Bell argue that the League was cause for optimism by the late 1920s? Why did France push for the adoption of the Treaty of Mutual Assistance and why did Britain reject it? How did France’s occupation of the Ruhr undermine the League? How did it contribute to a decline in international goodwill? How did the depression weaken the practical implementation of collective security? What was the League’s response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria? How did Japan react to the League’s disapproval? Why did the League fail to resolve the Manchurian Crisis? How did the sense that Japan had “gotten away with it” impact the League? Why did Mussolini begin planning for the annexation of Abyssinia? Why were Britain and France willing to let Italy take control of Abyssinia before the Italian invasion began? How did the League of Nations respond to the invasion which began on 3 October 1935? Why did the sanctions fail to impede the Italian seizure of Abyssinia? Why is the Abyssinian crisis viewed as the “final nail in the coffin” for the League? What was the purpose of the Washington Conference in 1921-22? What were the terms of the Five Power Treaty that came out of the negotiations? What loophole was left open regarding tonnage and type of ships allowed? What was the main outcome of the Four Power Treaty between Britain, the United States, Japan and France? Why was the conference viewed as a success? In what ways was the conference a failure? What changes to the Five Power Treaty did the London Naval Conference of 1930 bring about? Why was the London Naval Treaty of 1936 made irrelevant by world events? What was Hitler’s views of the League of Nations’ attempts at bringing about widespread disarmament? Explain the League’s failure to gain support for disarmament. Why was France reluctant to become involved in another war? How did France plan to handle future German aggression? Why was this an unwise plan of defense? Maginot Line Maginot Line Video Why did many in Great Britain and the United States follow pacifist or at least isolationist beliefs? What was the neutrality legislation brought in by the United States? How did these laws actually help aggressor nations? Why was the Soviet Union unhappy with its position in Europe in the 1930s? What actions did the USSR take to achieve some measure of security? Why did many countries continue to reject closer ties with the USSR? What were Hitler’s international goals when he came to power in 1933? Explain Hitler’s concept of Lebensraum. In what ways did Hitler begin to rebuild the German military? How was he able to openly break the terms of the Versailles treaty? What was the benefit to Germany of the ‘NonAggression Pact’ with Poland? What was the result of the Saar plebiscite of 1935? How did it embolden Hitler? Hitler is quoted as saying that the “48 hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve wracking of my life.” Why was he so anxious? Why did Hitler place a high priority on Anschluss? Who acted to prevent German annexation of Austria following the assassination of Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in July 1934? Which country did Italy invade in 1935? Map How did the League of Nations respond? What was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935 and why was it important? What happened in Spain in 1931? Homework What type of reforms did the new republican government enact? What happened in the 1936 elections? Who was General Francisco Franco? How did the western powers react to the Spanish Civil War? How did Germany, Italy, and the U.S.S.R. actually respond? What was the Rome-Berlin Axis? What was the “rape of Nanjing”? How did the League of Nations respond? The U.S.? What was the Hossbach Memorandum of November 5, 1937? On what pretext did Hitler send troops into Austria in March 1938? How had conditions changed since 1934 that made Anschluss possible? How many ethnic Germans lived in Czechoslovakia in 1938? What was their general opinion of life in a Slavic state? Was Czechoslovakia actually the tough place to live that many Germans claimed? Why was Czechoslovakia of strategic importance? Map of Czechoslovakia How did the Czech government try to make the Sudeten Germans happy in the summer of 1938? Who was Konrad Henlein? Why did tension continue to increase in September? What happened at Munich in September of 1938? Why did Britain and France abandon Czechoslovakia? In what state was Czechoslovakia afterward? What were the results of the Munich agreement? What was the purpose of the Anglo-German Declaration? Referencing the sources on page 155 of the handout, explain the reactions to Munich. What happened in March 1939? What evidence was there that Britain was finally ready to give up on appeasement? What was unveiled on August 29, 1939? What were the broader implications of the arrangement? Was appeasement the wrong strategy and did it contribute to the outbreak of war? Why had Japan followed an isolationist approach to dealing with Western powers prior to Commodore Perry’s arrival in 1853? What did the Americans want from Japan and did they get it? What reforms did Japan undergo in the late 1800s? Whom did the Japanese emulate in rebuilding their military? What evidence is there that the rebuilding and reforms were successful? What were the effects of the Russo-Japanese war on Japan and Eastern Asia? How had Japan used WWI as an opportunity to continue its expansion in Asia? What economic problems did Japan experience in the years after WWI? How did Japan embrace Western culture in the 1920s? How did Prime Minister Kato’s government try to walk the line between left and right? What evidence is there that as the 1920s passed, the Japanese military began to take control of Japan’s foreign policy and government? What was the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity sphere and what was its purpose? How did the invasion of China draw Japan toward greater conflict with the U.S.? What was the Western response to Japan’s occupation of southern Indochina? How did the embargo affect vital strategic interests for Japan? Who became Japan’s Prime Minister in October of 1941? Why did Japan launch co-ordinated attacks on various Western possessions, including Pearl Harbour, on December 7, 1941? How important was Japan’s relationship with Germany? What impact did the USSR have on Japanese planning and strategic thinking? Why was the April 1941Neutrality Pact with the USSR important for Japan? Why have some historians blamed the United States for the outbreak of fighting in the Pacific? What are the counter-arguments? According to historian David Bergamini, is the portrayal of the Emperor as being a hostage of militarists within his government accurate? What were the main causes of the war in the Pacific? What was Blitzkrieg? Why was this type of warfare possible in 1939 and not possible in 1914? Why did Hitler encourage the development of Blitzkrieg? Why was Poland unable to muster much of a defense against the Wehrmacht? While Germany was invading Poland what was the U.S.S.R. up to? What happened to Finland in November 1939? Why? Why is the winter of 1939-40 called the “phony war”? What happened on April 9, 1940? Why did the British expedition to Norway end in failure? What happened on May 10, 1940? Map Why was the invasion of France so successful? What happened at Dunkirk? First Hand Accounts What did France do on June 22, 1940? Why was Germany able to defeat France and the BEF? What was “Vichy” France? How did the French people respond to the occupation and the collaborative government? What did Italy do in June 1940? Did many Europeans support Hitler? What were “Quislings”? Who was left to oppose Germany in by the end of June 1940? How did the U.S. respond to the German triumph in Western Europe? How was American neutrality legislation amended in November 1939? What did Roosevelt say America’s role would be at the beginning of the war? What were the arguments opposing Roosevelt’s interventionist agenda? What were the “four freedoms”? Explain “Lend-Lease”. How did the U.S. begin to prepare for military action? What was the Battle of Britain? Video Fighter Command Control Diagram Why didn’t Hitler invade England in 1940? What impeded Germany’s ability to cripple Britain’s will and ability to stay in the war? What were the losses for each country during the Battle of Britain? Churchill Speeches What was the “the blitz”? How effective was Germany’s bombing campaign against Britain? What was the U.S.S.R.’s interest in the Baltic and Balkan states? What was Germany’s view of Soviet expansionist actions? What actions did Germany take to improve its position in Eastern Europe and the Balkans? What happened on June 22, 1941? Why did Hitler invade Russia and what was his plan of attack? How did that plan work out? Operation Barbarossa Why did the German offensive fail to capture Moscow or deal a decisive blow to the Soviet Union’s ability to stay in the war? How did Hitler respond to the army’s failure to knock the USSR out of the war in the autumn of 1941? What were the larger implications of Germany’s failure to completely defeat Russia? Who was Albert Speer? How did the Soviet Union adapt to the German occupation of valuable territories? Why did Churchill send troops to North Africa in 1940? Map How did the tides of war shift from side to side in North Africa? Interactive Map What was the “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”? Why did the U.S. cut off shipments of oil to Japan in July 1941? Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor and other European possessions in Asia? Pearl Harbor Photos Attack How successful were Japan’s opening moves of the war? As 1942 came to an end, what was the overall state of the conflict? What term did F.D.R. give to the Grand Alliance of 26 nations opposed to the Axis countries? How did American and British co-operation differ from German and Japanese co-operation? Why did Stalin call for an Allied invasion of mainland Europe in 1942? Why didn’t one occur? How did the United States mobilize for war? What impact did this mobilization have on the American people? What was “area bombing”? Bomber Campaign Resources What was the purpose of the strategic bomber offensive against Germany? B17 B24 Pictures British Bombers Hamburg Detail the events in North Africa from late 1942 through May 1943. Why did the battle of Stalingrad mark a turning point in the course of the war? What happened to Mussolini’s government after the invasion and capture of Sicily by Allied forces in mid 1943? Why did the Italian campaign become a “frustrating stalemate”? Invasion of Italy How large was the force assembled for the Allied invasion of “Fortress Europe”? Operation Overlord How did the Allied offensive in the west progress? What was the Battle of the Bulge? Map What were the important implications of the Battle of the Bulge? Why did the Soviet Union refuse to help the Poles who participated in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944? Why did Eisenhower stop the Allied push into Germany at the Elbe? When did the war in Europe officially come to an end? Why was the Battle of Midway a turning point in the Pacific campaign? Midway What was the American strategy for defeating the Japanese? Pacific Campaign What happened on August 6, 1945? Hiroshima Little Boy Design Manhattan Project What happened on August 9, 1945? Fat Man Design Oppenheimer Why did the United States use atomic weapons against Japan? What was the result of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? What was the Atlantic Charter? What did Roosevelt and Churchill decide at Casablanca in January of 1943? What did the “Big Three” decide on in Tehran in December of 1943?Big Three What were the geopolitical implications of the decision to open the second front in France? Why did Roosevelt not support Churchill’s idea of clearly outlined spheres or influence for the Soviet Union and the western powers? In broad terms what did the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. decide with regard to postwar Eastern Europe at Yalta in February of 1945? What would the new United Nations look like and what would be its purpose? How was the Potsdam Conference of July 1945 different than previous conferences? How were Germany’s borders altered? Map of Europe When were treaties signed with Germany’s satellite states? When did the western allies sign a peace treaty with Japan? When did the Soviet Union? Why were the Allies able to defeat Germany? How did fighting on the ground in WWII differ from that of WWI? Why? In what ways did communications and mechanization affect the battlefield in WWII? Describe the Battle of the Atlantic. What was Germany’s goal during this naval struggle? How did the Allies respond to German tactics? Why did Germany lose the Battle of the Atlantic? How significant a role did the war at sea play in determining the outcome of the war? What roles did aircraft play during the war? How did the use and capabilities of aircraft change from WWI to WWII? What are the criticisms of the strategic bombing campaigns? Are they justified? How successful was Albert Speer in reorganizing Germany’s economy for a total war effort? What obstacles stood in his path? How did the totalitarian nature of Stalin’s Soviet Union make it easier for the economy of the USSR to survive the German invasion? What sorts of measures did the Soviet Union take to ensure increased industrial output? How large was the contribution of America’s economy to Allied victory? Why was the U.S. able to out produce all the Axis countries combined? Contrast the method in which women were employed in Allied and Axis nations. Examine the role that leadership played in the affecting the course of the war. The Holocaust What is genocide? What did the Nazis mean by the term “Untermenschen”? What were the Einsatzgrupen that accompanied the German army in the East? What was their grand plan for the peoples of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union? How did Nazi Germany bring the industrial capabilities of a modern nation to the work of killing millions of people? Map Why have some people said the events of the Holocaust demonstrate both the best and worst of humanity? Who is to blame for the Holocaust? What does Primo Levi mean when he writes that the most dangerous people are the ordinary people who follow monsters, “ready to believe and to act without asking questions.” How did the Second World War change the world?