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Anatomy Unit 4 Review Answers (1) Which 4 structures are included in the skeletal system? • Bones • Joints • Cartilage • Bone marrow (2) What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? • Protection • Support • Movement • Mineral + Growth hormone storage • Blood Cell Production (3) Which bone makes up your lower jaw? • mandible (4) Which bone makes up your upper jaw? • maxilla (5) Which bones sit perpendicular to your sternum, and directly beneath your neck? • Clavicle bones (6) What is the bone to which the ribs connect to? • Vertebral column (8) Which bone is your “shoulder blade”? • scapula (9) Which bone makes up the upper portion of your arm? • humerus (10) Which 2 bones make up your forearms? • Radius • Ulna (11) Which 2 bones make up your wrists and palms? • Carpals • Metacarpals (12) Which bone makes up the upper portion of your leg? • femur (13) Which 2 bones make up your shins? • Tibia • Fibula (14) Which 2 bones make up your ankles and the soles of your feet? • Tarsals • Metatarsals (15) What bone makes up your fingers and toes? • phalange (16) Which bone is your kneecap? • patella Skip #17-21…. (22) What are the 2 bone regions? • Axial • Appendicular (23) Which bones make up the axial skeleton? • Skull • Vertebral column • Center of pelvis • Sternum • Ribs (24) Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton? • Arms • Legs • Shoulders • Hips (25) What are the 4 types of bones? • Long • Short • Flat • Irregular (26) What is the function of long bones? • Weight support • Movement (27) Provide 2-3 examples of long bones: • Humerus, radius, ulna • Femur, tibia, fibula • phalanges (28) What is the function of short bones? • Increase range of body movement (29) Provide 2-3 examples of short bones: • Carpals, metacarpals • Tarsals,metatarsals (30) What is the function of flat bones? • Protection (31) Provide 2-4 examples of flat bones: • Skull • Scapula • Sternum • ribs (32) What is the function of irregular bones? • Attachment sites for muscles, tendons, ligaments… (33) Provide 2 examples of irregular bones: • Vertebral column • Pelvis / hip (34) What and Where is compact bone? • What: dense layer of bone • Where: outside of bones (35) What and Where is spongy bone? • What: porous layer of bone • Where: inside bone (36) What is the diaphysis? • Shaft of the bone (37) What is the epiphysis? • The very end of a long bone (38) What is the epiphyseal plate in a bone? • Area of cartilage growth • At the end of bones (epiphyses) • Shows up as epiphyseal line (39) What and Where is the periosteum? • What: membrane that connects nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels to bone… • Where: outside of compact bone…. (40) What and Where is the endosteum? • What: membrane that connects nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels to bone…. • Where: inside, surrounding the spongy bone…. (41) Which structures make up the organic portion of bone? What is their function? • Bone Cells… –Osteoblasts = baby bone cells –Osteoclasts = cannibal bone cells –Osteocytes = mature bone cells • Osteoid…. –Goo that contains bone nutrients + osteoblasts! –Necessary for bone development + repair! (42) What is osteoid? • Nutrient Goo • Contains necessary cells + vitamins/ions for bone growth (43) Which compounds make up the inorganic portion of bone? • Calcium & Phosphate (Minerals) • Growth Hormones Skip #44-45! (46) What are osteoblasts? • Baby bone cells • Secrete osteoid (46) What are osteoblasts? • Baby bone cells • Secrete osteoid • Develop into mature bone cells (47) What are osteocytes? • Mature bone cells (48) What are osteoclasts? • Cannibal bone cells • They eat bone debris + excess material (49) Which factors can cause bone injury? • Increase in weight • Irregular twisting • Irregular bending • Irregular rotation (50) What is a comminuted fracture? Why does it happen? • What: fracture in which bone breaks into 3 or more pieces • Why: smash into something (51) What are osteoblasts?** • Baby bone cells…. • We already did this one (52) What are osteocytes?** • Mature bone cells… • We already did this one (53) What are osteoclasts?** • Cannibal bone cells… • We already did this one (54) Which factors can cause bone injury? ** • Weight, twisting, bending, rotating… • We already did this one (55) What is a comminuted fracture? Why does it happen? • What: Bone breaks into 3 or more pieces… • Why: Smash into something… • We already did this one (56) What is a spiral fracture? Why does it happen? • What: Ragged diagonal fracture • Why: Irregular twisting (57) What is a depressed fracture? Where does it happe? • What: piece of bone is pushed inwards • Where: skull (58) What is a transverse fracture? • Perpendicular • Clean Break (59) What is an oblique fracture? • Diagonal • Clean Break (60) What is an open fracture? Where is it common? • What: Bone breaks through skin… • Where: clavicles, forearms, ribs, shins… (61) What is a compression fracture? What causes it? Where? • What: Bone is pulverized • Cause: Brittle / Old Bones • Where: Spine, Heels / Feet (62) What is an epiphyseal fracture? Why does it happen? • What: Epiphysis breaks off diaphysis, at the epiphyseal line • Why: Brittle / Old Bones (63) What is a greenstick fracture? Why does it happen? • What: bone breaks incompletely • Why: You are a young child + bones are flexible (64) What are the 4 stages of bone repair? • Hematoma • Fibrocartilaginous Callus • Bony Callus • Remodeling (65) What happens during hematoma formation? • Busted blood vessels spew out blood…. • Blood / Fluid pools under skin @ wound site (66) What happens during the Fibrocartilaginous Callus formation? • Cartilage reconnects main bone pieces • Osteoclasts devour debris (67) What happens during the bony callus formation? • Establish spongy + compact bone (68) What occurs during final bone remodeling? • Compact bone thickened • Osteoclasts minimize excess bone material (69) What are joints? • Spaces in between 2 bones (70) What are the 6 types of joints? • Pivot • Condyloid • Plane • Hinge • Saddle • Ball and socket (71) What is the purpose of joints? • Allow for wider range of movement. (72) What type of movement do pivot joints allow for? Where are they? • Movement: uniaxial • Where: vertebral column (73) What type of movement do condyloid joints allow for? Where are they? • Movement: angular • Where: wrist and knuckles (74) What type of movement do plane joints allow for? Where are they? • Movement: short gliding • Where: intercarpal / intertarsal (75) What type of movement do hinge joints allow for? Where are they? • Movement: uniaxial • Where: elbow, interphalangeal (76) What type of movement do saddle joints allow for? Where are they? • Movement: angular • Where: thumbs, metacarpal (77) What type of movement do ball and socket joints allow for? Where are they? • Movement: universal • Where: shoulder + hips (78) What is a sprain? • Tear / Pull in muscle/tendon/ligament (79) What is a dislocation? • Bone is out of socket/joint (80) What are the 3 types of muscle? • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth (81) What does skeletal muscle look like? • Striped (striated) (82) What type of movement does skeletal muscle allow for? • Whole body movement (83) Where can you find skeletal muscle? • On top of your skeleton (bones) (84) What does cardiac muscle look like? • Branched (85) What type of movement does cardiac muscle allow? • Heart contraction • Fast contraction • Involuntary (86) Where can you find cardiac muscle? • Heart (87) What does smooth muscle look like? • Smooth (88) What type of movement does smooth muscle allow for? • Secretions + churning • Involuntary (89) Where can you find smooth muscle? • Digestive system (90) What are the 4 functions of muscle? • Whole body Movement • Heat production • Maintain upright position • Organ movement (91) List the parts of skeletal muscle: • Macroscopic Microscopic: –Muscle –Fascicle –Muscle fiber –Myofibril –Sarcomere –Myofilament (92) What is the muscle? • Organ (93) What is a fascicle? • Bundle of muscle fibers (94) What / Where is the epimysium? Perimysium? • Epimysium = membrane covering outside of whole muscle • Perimysium = membrane covering fascicle (95) What is a muscle fiber? • Muscle cell (96) What is a myofibril? • Organelle inside muscle fiber (97) What is a sarcomere? • Contractile unit inside myofibril-organelle (98) What are the myofilaments? • Parts that contract w/in sarcomere… • Actin & Myosin (99) What / Where is actin? • What: myofilament (thin) • Where: inside muscle fiber… inside the sarcomere of myofibril (100) What/Where is Myosin? • What: myofilament (thick) • Where: inside muscle fiber… inside sarcomere of myofibril (101) Why is a muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory? • Actin + myosin = filaments • They slide together • That is a muscle contraction (102) What causes a muscle contraction? • Sliding of actin + myosin past each other… (103) Describe the sodium-potassium channel initiation… • Acetylcholine binds to sarcolemma of muscle fiber… • Na-K channels open for depolarization… (104) Briefly describe what happens during depolarization of the sarcolemma: • Na and K flow in/out down the membrane (sarcolemma) of the muscle fiber (105) Which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? What happens right after? • Ion Released = Calcium • Right After: Calcium binds with troponin + troponin unveils actin…. (106) Describe the interaction of myosin + ATP • …. Actin was unveiled…. • Myosin spits out ADP + P = ATP…. • Myosin hinges upright to grab actin! (107) What must occur for muscle fibers to relax? • ATP back to myosin • Troponin + tropomyosin cover up actin • Calcium back to sarcoplasmic reticulum • Na + K back in/out of muscle fiber • Na + K channels close