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The Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems The Skeletal System Bones of the Skeleton (left side) 1. Cranium (skull) 2. Frontal (forehead) 3. Temporal (temple) 4. Sternum (breastbone) 5. Scapula (shoulder blade) 6. Intercostal Cartilage 7. Xiphoid process 8. Floating ribs 9. Lumbar Vertebrae (lower back- 5) 10. Illium (hip bone) 11. Sacrum 12. Coccyx (tailbone) 13. Ischium (butt bone) 14. Femur (thigh) 15. Patella (knee cap) 16. Tibia (shin) 17. Fibula (calf) “I told a little fib(ula)” 18. Tarsals (ankle) Bones of the Skeleton (right side) 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Nasal bone Ocular Orbit (eye socket) Maxilla (upper jaw) Mandible (lower jaw) Cervical Vertebrae (neck bones- 7) Clavicle (collar bone) Thoracic Vertebrae (vert. with ribs attached - 12) True Ribs (attach directly to sternum) Humerus (Upper arm) 28. False Ribs (attach to cartilage) 29. Radius (closest to thumb) 30. Ulna (furthest from thumb) “Ulna you didn’t!” 31. Carpals (wrist bones) 32. Metacarpals (bones in palm) 33. Phalanges (fingers) 34. Metatarsals (sole of foot) 35. Phalanges (toes) How many do you remember? Let's test your skills (round 1). Ready for another (round 2)? One more time (round 3) The Skeletal System All the bones in your body make up your skeletal system - has five major functions. 1. Gives shape and support to body. 2. Protect your internal organs. 3. Major muscles attach to bones. 4. Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. 5. Stores calcium and phosphorus. Bone Structure 1. Periostium - soft thin substance that covers and protects the bone. 2. Compact bone – tough, hard bone that can heal itself when broken. 3. Spongy bone – contains red marrow which produces red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the day 4. Marrow – soft, inner center of bones containing blood vessels and fat cells. Manufactures blood cells. Cartilage - a rubbery layer of tissue found at the ends of bones that form joints. - Acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction between bones when they rub together. Your skeleton begins as cartilage, which is gradually broken down and replaced with bone. Healthy bone tissue is always being formed and reformed. Joints—any place where two or more bones come together. 1. Cartilage is located at most joints 2. Ligament - tough band of tissue that holds bones in place. 1. Fixed joint a. Allows little movement b. Ex: The joints of the bones in your skull 2. Pivot Joint a. One bone rotates in a ring of another stationary bone b. Ex: Turning your head 3. Ball-and-socket joint a. The ball end of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity on another bone. b. Example: Shoulder joint 4. Hinge joint a. Back and forth b. Example: knee 5. Sliding joint a. One part of a bone slides over another bone. b. Example: Hand bone (bones in your palm) c. Used the most in the body Fun Links! • Virtual hip replacement • Virtual knee surgery • Virtual hip resurfacing The Muscular System A Muscle is an organ that can relax and contract, and provides the power to move your body part. 1. Voluntary muscles - muscles you are able to control (bicep) 2. Involuntary muscles - muscles that you cannot control (heart) There are three types of muscle tissue. 1. Skeletal muscles move bones. a. Most common type b. Tendons - thick bands of tissue that connect muscle to bones. c. Voluntary d. Contract quickly and tire more easily e. Look striped or striated. 2. Smooth Muscles - found in digestive tract a. Contract and relax automatically b. Involuntary c. Ex: Muscles in the stomach 3. Cardiac Muscle • Found only in the heart • Cardiac muscle is striated • Involuntary You move because pairs of muscles work together. • When one muscle of a pair contracts, the other relaxes. • Muscles always pull • Muscles can become larger or smaller, depending on whether or not they are used. • Blood carries energy-rich nutrients to the muscles so they can do their work. Integumentary System Made up of the skin, hair, and nails Skin has four main functions 1. Protection - forms a protective covering over the body a. Prevents infection - many disease causing bacteria cannot pass through the skin. b. Prevents excess water loss. 2. Sensory response - nerve cells in skin detect and relay information to the brain 3. Formation of Vitamin D 4. Regulation of body temperature a. Blood vessels in skin help release/hold heat b. Perspiration from sweat glands eliminates excess heat produced by muscle contractions. c. Elimination of wastes through sweat glands. Regulation of Body Temp. Skin Your skin is the largest organ of your body. Skin is made up of three layers of tissue 1. Epidermis - the outer, thinnest layer a. Outermost cells are dead and rub off b. New cells are constantly produced at the base of the epidermis. c. Cells produce melanin pigment that protects your skin and gives it color 2. Dermis - the middle layer a. Thicker than the epidermis. b. Contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, muscles, oil, sweat glands, and other structures. 3. Fatty layer - covers the body Skin Cross-section