Download Bones

and
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The bones of embryos are made largely
of cartilage. They are soft.
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The process of ossification uses calcium
to create bone as the child grows and
matures.
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The skeleton has over 200 bones.
Bones gradually become hard and
strong.
 With age bones lose their density and
strength. When severe this is called
osteoporosis.
 Eating foods containing calcium and
exercising regularly helps bones to
develop and stay stronger for longer.
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A joint is where two or more bones meet.
Synovial joints
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Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock
absorber.
Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.
Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling
movement.
Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the
joint.
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Abduction Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction Movement towards the mid-line
of the body
Extension Straightening limbs at a joint –
moving bones apart
Flexion Bending the limbs at a joint. –
moving bones towards each other
Rotation A circular movement around a
fixed point
Hinge Elbow, knee, fingers;
 Movement=Flexion, extension
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Ball and Socket Shoulder, hip
 MovementFlexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, rotation
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Pivot Between the atlas and axis in the
neck
Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the brain
and vital organs in the chest.
 Shape - gives shape to the body and makes you tall
or short.
 Support - holds your vital organs in place when
playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body
upright.
 Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which
are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones
move.
 Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen)
and white blood cells (to protect against infection)
are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.
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Cervical Vertebrae – supports the head and the
neck and allows it to nod and rotate
 Thoracic Vertebrae – ribs are attached making a
protective cage. It allows some movement
bending forward and backward and side to side
 Lumbar Vertebrae - allows much flexibility; bending
forward and backward and side to side but is
prone to injury
 Sacral Vertebrae – these are fused together and
make a strong base. Transmit force from legs to
upper body
 Coccyx – fused vertebrae with no special use
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The skeleton is
made up of bones
which meet at
JOINTS.
There are several
different types of
joints.
The joints at the
__________
SHOULDER and
____
HIPS are ball and
socket joints.
They allow movement
in different directions
The joint at the
_______
ELBOW is a
hinge joint.
It allows
movement up
and down, but
not side to side.
The ______
SPINE
is made up
of joints
that only
have a small
amount of
movement
The SKULL
_____ of
an adult is
made up of
joints that
have fused
together, so
they cannot
move
Muscles can only contract (get shorter)
or relax (when they can be pulled longer again).
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